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    فخارالعصرالوسيط بمنطقة الحمرا بمنخفض القعب غرب دنقلا الولاية الشمالية
    (جامعة الخرطوم, 0019-12) شيراز محمد صالحين شريف
    المستخلص عنوان البحث: فخار العصر الوسيط بمنطقة الحمرا بمنخفض القعب غرب دنقلا الولاية الشمالية اسم الطالبة : شيراز محمد صالحين شريف. الدرجة العلمية : ماجستير الآداب في الآثار. يهدف هذا البحث إلى إجراء دراسة تفصيلية لفخار مواقع الحمرا بمنخفض القعب غرب دنقلا، من خلال طرح عدة تساؤلات منها؛ هل الفخار خاص بمنطقة الدراسة أم أن هنالك تداخل ثقافي بين منطقة الدراسة والمناطق المجاورة، كما يهدف البحث لتسليط الضوء على الحقبة التي ترجع لها مواقع الدراسة. اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي والإحصائي والمقارن بالإضافة إلى المنهج التاريخي. توصل البحث إلى أن الفخار في منطقة الدراسة، كان لتغطية جميع أنواع الاستخدام الدينية منها والاجتماعية، مع توجيه الصانع إلى صياغة السمات والأشكال الفنية التي ترتضيها الديانة، كما توصل البحث إلى وجود علاقات تجارية تربط منطقة الدراسة بالمناطق المجاورة لاسيما مصر وقد دل على ذلك وجود أنواع مختلفة من الفخار المصري في منطقة الدراسة، ويمكن الاستنتاج من خلال الفخار حالة الاستقرار السياسي والاقتصادي الذي كان سائداً في منطقة الدراسة. يوصي البحث بمزيد من الاهتمام بدراسات الفخار لما يحتويه من معلومات عن التقنيات القديمة والعلاقات الاجتماعية المختلفة. كما يوصي بتكثيف الجهود للكشف عن ما تحتويه منطقة الدراسة من مواقع لاسيما وأنها تمتاز بالزحف الصحراوي الذي أدى إلى طمس معالم كثير من المواقع وإخفائها. Abstract Research title: Medieval pottery in El-Hamra region, in the El-Ga’ab Depression, west of Dongola, Northern State, Sudan Student Name: Shiraz Mohamed Salheen Shrif. Degree: Master of Arts in Archeology. This research aims at a detailed study of the pottery of El-Hamra sites in the El-Ga’ab Depression west of Dongola, by raising several questions, including؛was the pottery specific to the study area or there were cultural interactions between the study area and the neighboring areas? The study also aims to shed light on the period/s to which the study sites refer. The research used descriptive, analytical, statistical and comparative approach, in addition to the historical method.The most important findings of the research؛ the pottery in the study area, cover all religious and social uses, with directing the manufacturer to formulate the features and artistic forms that were acceptable to the religions. The research also found the existence of commercial relations linking the study area with the neighboring regions, especially Egypt; this was evidenced by the presence of different types of Egyptian pottery in the study area, which may show an existence of political and economic stability in the study area. The research recommends more attention to pottery studies, as it contains information about ancient technologies and various social relationships. It also recommends s intensifying efforts to uncover sites in the study area, especially as it is characterized by desert encroachment, which led to the obliteration of many sites and their concealment.
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    حملة الأمير محمود ود أحمد إلى الشمال منذ 97 وحتى 1898
    (University of Khartoum, 1969) محمود عبدالله ابراهيم
    حملة الأمير محمود ود أحمدالى الشمال منذ 97 وحتى 1898
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    حصار وسقوط الخرطوم يناير 1884 الى 1885
    (University of Khartoum, 1970) ميمونة ميرغني حمزة
    حصار وسقوط الخرطوم يناير 1884 الى 1885
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    Some Aspects Of The Biology And Control Of The Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassieps (Mart.) Solm.)
    (University of Khartoum, 1974) Lutfi Abdel Gadir Desougi ; Mohamed El Obeid ; Botany
    The bladder formation in the petiole of Eichhornia crassipes is governed by crowdness. The scarcity of fruit setting near Khartoum is due to low relative humidity, high temperature and absence of a pollinating agent. The high rate of vegetative propagation and the wide distribution of the weed were recorded as well as the harmful effect of the plant, an alarm of further infestation on the Nile system and the presence of the rare short stylic flower. The water content and the critical water content essential for survival of the plant were found to be 91.7% and 16% respectively. The sequence of water loss and the diurnal changes in transpiration rate were found to be a function of the prevailing climatic conditions. Loss of water caused by E. crassipes growing on water or in the soil was greater than that caused by either of the aquatic weeds; Pistia stratiotes, Ceratophyllum sp. and a linear relationship between increase in size of E. crassipes and loss of water. A general survey of control methods was made. The effectiveness of 2, 4 –D over other chemicals was affirmed as well as its effects when sprayed in sub-lethal doses and when it comes in contact with the roots of E. crassipes. Temperature, relative humidity and rain were found to greatly affect the control methods.
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    On the Morphology and Histochemistry of the Testis of Camel (Camelus dromedarius
    (University of Khartoum, 1975) Osman Dafalla Ibrahim Osman ; Kamal Abd Elmoneim
    The histochemical localization of carbohydrates, lipids, RNA and some oxidative, hydrolytic and steroid enzymes was studied in the testis of the camel. PAS-reactive but diastase resistant material was mainly seen in the wall of blood vessels and in the boundary tissue of the seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti and the rete testis. Clear cyclical changes were seen for glycogen intratubularly. Glycogen is most abundant in early stages and very scanty or absent in the late stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. RNA is demonstrable in the large nucleoli of Sertoli cells as well as in the nucleoli of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and Leydig cells. Cytoplasmic RNP is mainly localized in the cytoplasm of type A spermatogonia and in the cytoplasmic debri. Numerous small lipid droplets were seen in the interstitial cells and towards the lumen the seminiferous tubules that contain elongate spermatids or spermatozoa. Large lipid droplets were demonstrable in the basal layer of the seminiferous epithelium and in the cytop1asmic debri. Alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated in the boundary tissues of seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti and the rete testis and in the cells bordering the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. No acid phosphatase activity was seen. Succinic and lactic dehydrogenases showed similar patterns of distribution in the interstitial elements and intratubularly. ∆5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was exclusively demonstrated in the interstitial cells. 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase could not be demonstrated. The possible significance of all these findings was discussed.
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    The Effect of Evaporative Cooling on Poultry Performance in an Arid Hot Climate
    (University of Khartoum, 1979) Mohamed Gaafar Hamid ; Hashim Mohammed El Hadi ; Animal Production ; Genetics and Animal Breading
    The factors affecting production, the influence of high environmental temperature and response of layers and broilers to evaporative cooling and layers to different stocking densities are reviewed. The comparative performance of layers under cooled and natural climate was investigated in the first experiment. This included feed consumption, sexual maturity, percentage egg production, efficiency of feed utilization, egg size and mortality rate. Results indicated that the cooled environment improved the production parameters, i.e. egg production, efficiency of feed utilization (kg of feed-kg of eggs) egg size sexua1 maturity and mortality rate. Stocking density of 4 birds/m2 showed a superior performance in feed intake, energy intake, egg production, efficiency of feed uti1ization (kg of feed-kg of eggs) and mortality rate than all other treatments. Although the higher stocking densities of 8 and 12 birds/m2 were inferior to 4 birds/m2, yet they were superior to the uncooled 4 birds/m2. In the second experiment when cooling was applied to broilers, their performance i.e., feed intake, growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization (kg of feed-kg of meat) dressing percentage, was investigated. The results indicated an improved response to cooling.
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    The Effect of Different Energy Levels on Egg Production of Caged Medium Hybrids during the Hot Season in the Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 1981 ) Nur El Huda Isam Eldin Osman ; Poultry Production
    Ninety six birds of the Tetra medium hybrid strain at the point of lay were used. They were divided into four equal groups and birds of each group were kept in cages: three birds in a cage. The groups were assigned at random to four rations, A, B, C and D. The metabolizable energy (ME) concentration of the rations was 2696, 2767, 2861 and 2901 kcal/ kg, respectively. Each group of birds was fed on its respective ration for 24 weeks during summer of the year 1979. Data collected included food intake, egg production, egg weight and liveweight gain. Food intake was negatively affected by ME concentration of the diet, i.e. birds fed on ration A consumed more food than birds in other treatments followed by birds on treatments B, D and C. Egg production, egg weight, growth rate and efficiency of food utilization were not significantly affected by ME level of the diet. Generally, treatment B (2767 kcal/kg) resulted in the best performance compared with other treatments.
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    Stochastic Functional Differential Equations with Discontinuous Initial Data
    (University of Khartoum, 1983) Tag El Sir Mohammed Ali Ahmed ; Salah Ahmed Mohammed ; Salah Abd Alla Elsanissi ; Mathematics
    In chapter I we shall layout our notation; state all standing assumptions and some of the theorems and results which we have used throughout the whole work. In chapter I we shall discuss the definition and the existence of Ito integral and masher belated integral and some of their properties. In the first part of chapter two we find sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique solution of a stochastic functional differential equation with discontinuous initial data. The work in the first part of chapter IT is carried out by suitable modifications the work of Mohammed [7]. In the second part of chapter 11, we weaken the conditions on the coefficients of the S.F.D.E (stochastic functional differential equation) and still obtain a unique solution. The work in the second part of chapter 11 is carried out by suitable modifications of the work of Freedman [4] of [4], chapter 5 theorem (2.1) and 2.2». In chapter III we prove an approximation lemma and an approximation theorem which gives us a method for approximating the solution of the S. F. D. E's discussed in chapter 11. The work in chapter III constitutes an extension of the work of Mc Shane (c f [6]; lemma v (3A) and theorem v (4.3)) O
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    Sudan Environment 5 (2)
    ( 1985-10) Tag Elseed, Mirghani
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    Effect of Concentrate-To-Roughage Proportions on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Sudan Desert Goats.
    (University of Khartoum, 1989) Ahmed Mukhtar Elamin ; Ibrahim Musa Tibin ; Animal Nutrition
    This experiment was conducted to study the effect of concentrate-to-roughage proportions on performance and carcass characteristics of Sudan desert goats. Fifteen male goat kids were utilized in the growth trial for 56 days. Three groups were assigned to three experimental diets: A high concentrate (HC) diet composed of 37% cottonseed cake, 37% sorghum grains 25% groundnut hulls and 1% common salt; medium concentrate (MC) diet composed of 29.5% cottonseed cake, 29.5% sorghum grains, 40% groundnut hulls and 1% common salt; and low concentrate (LC) diet composed of 2% cottonseed cake, 22% sorghum grains, 75% groundnut hulls and 1% common salt. During the experimental period feed intake, live weight gain, final live weight and feed conversion ratio were recorded. At the end of this trial, experimental animals were slaughtered to study some carcass characteristics. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed among dietary treatments regarding daily gain (g), feed intake (kg) and feed conversion ratio. The values of these parameters were 124.4, 1.03, and 8.33; 120.4, 1.08, 9.00; 108.00, 1.18, 11.76 for kids fed HC, MC and LC, respectively. Nine goat kids were utilized in the digestibility trial. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed among dietary treatments in digestion coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and crude fibre. Digestion coefficients of ether extract and nitrogen free extract were significantly different (P<0.05) among the three dietary treatments. The digestion coefficient of ether extract for goat kids given HC, MC and LC diets were 93.4, 91.10 and 87.1, respectively. The values of nitrogen free-extract were 74.8, 67.07 and 62.97 for kids offered HC, MC and LC diets, respectively. Percentages of digestible crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract differed significantly (p<0.01) among dietary treatment groups. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in digestible crude fibre among dietary treatments. Percentages of total digestible nutrients (TDN) were found to differ significantly (P<0.01) among dietary treatment groups. The values of this parameter for kids given HC, MC and LC diets were 65.43, 56.17 and 51.97, respectively. Dietary treatments did not affect (P>0.05) the carcass characteristics except dressing percentage (on slaughter weight basis). The dressing percentage for goat kids given HC, MC and LC diets were 48.28, 47.25 and 45.56, respectively. The proportions of whole sale cuts did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among dietary treatments. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in percentages of muscle, bone, fat and muscle to bone ratio among dietary treatment groups. The slaughter by-products showed no significant (p>0.05) differences among dietary treatment groups. The percentages of protein, fat and ash were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the three dietary treatment groups, but the percentages of protein and fat appeared to increase slightly as the level of concentrate increased, and the percentage of moisture increased significantly as the level of concentrate increased
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    Potential Study of Rabbit Meat Production under Sudan Conditions.
    (University of Khartoum, 1991) Hind Abdelrahman Abdel Gadir ; Mohamed Saeed Baoumi ; Meat Production
    This work was conducted to investigate the reproductive performance and meat production characteristics of temperate rabbit breeds compared with those of local breeds and their crosses under Sudan conditions. Two breeds, New Zealand White (NZW), Sudan Baladi (SB) and their crosses were used. An experiment was conducted for 56 days, employed unsexed thirty six rabbits 12 from each group, and of 42 days age. Feed and water were offered ad libitum, during the experimental period. There was a significant (P<0.01) difference in litter size between NZW and SB breeds. The SB weaned 78% kids of the number born alive; NZW rabbits weaned 87%, while the crossbred weaned 85% kids. New Zealand White rabbits had a significantly (P<0.001) heavier birth weight than SB rabbits. There was a significant breed difference in weaning weight. It was heaviest in crossbred rabbits and least in SB rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits and crossbred ones attained a weight of 1.8 kg at the end of the experimental period, while SB rabbits attained a weight of 1.4 kg only. FCE was highest in NZW and least in SB rabbits. The dressing percentage of the carcass was highly significantly (P<0.001) different among the three groups; the higher dressing percentage was found in the crossbreds. The difference in muscle: bone ratio was significantly higher in SB breed compared with the other two breeds. SB meat had a lower moisture content and higher fat percentage. The protein percentage of NZW rabbit was greater than that of the other two groups. The colour of NZW meat was lighter red than that of SB though not significantly different. The meat of the Sudan Baladi rabbits was tougher than that of NZW and crossbred rabbits. Crossbreeding between the two types of rabbits is advocated.
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    Botanical and Chemical Studies on Solenostemma Argel (Del) Hayne Grown in Khartoum
    (University of Khartoum, 1991) Hatil Hashim Ahmed Elkamali ; Abdella Elkhidir Medani
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    Transmission of Urinary Schistosomiasis in The Rahad Irrigation Scheme , Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 1992) Elias EL Ghayeb Elias ; Mohamed El Wasila Hassan ; Zoology
    Abstract Human and snail related aspects of the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium) were studied in four village areas in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme in the Sudan. The study on human aspects of transmission took its starting point in cross-sectional surveys comprising - a total of 4,725 individuals, supplemented by an incidence study and by non-quantitative observations on human water contact behavioural patterns. The study on snail related aspects of transmission was based on longitudinal snail sampling over a period of 12 months in all the major human water contact sites in the four study areas. The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection in the total study population was 30.3%. The age-prevalence curve showed a rapid increase to a maximum of 50.5% in the age group 11-15 years, followed by a decline in older age groups. The age-intensity curve paralleled that of the prevalence curve, with maximum eggs/l0 ml urine figures of 86.2 and 82.9 in the 6-10 and 11-15 age groups, respectively, followed by a decline to 8.8 and 4.7 eggs/l0 ml urine in the 36-40 and >40 year age groups, respectively. The overall prevalence of infection among males and females was statistically comparable. However, the peak prevalence among females was reached already in the 6-10 year age group, whereas that of males was first reached in the 11-15 year age group. On the contrary, prevalence of infection in males exceeded that in females in the 16-20 and 21-25 year age groups at a statistically significant extent. The pattern of intensity of infection in males and females was rather similar, the only difference being in the 16-20 year age group where the male figures exceeded those of females again to a statistically significant extent. The percentage distribution of negative, light, moderate, heavy and very heavy infections in the total study population was 70, 14, 11, 3 and 2%, respectively. Moderate, heavy and very heavy infections were found mostly in the 6-10 and 11-15 year age groups, which were also the age groups primarily responsible for contaminating the environment with S. haematobium eggs. Marked differences in prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection were recorded among the four village areas and also between camp and village inhabitants within each of the age areas. Thus, the overall prevalence of infection among the camp populations was 30.7% as compared with only 22.8% among the village populations. Similarly, the intensity of infection among the camp populations exceeded markedly that among the village populations, the geometric mean egg counts being 119.9 and 43.8 eggs/10 ml urine, respectively. Marked differences in infection status were recorded in relation to occupational activities. Thus, a low infection level was recorded among the farmers, whereas a high infection level was recorded among the farm workers. An incidence of infection study implemented to supplement the cross-sectional studies clearly showed intensive transmission of S. haematobium in the hot and rainy (April-September) and post rainy (October-December) seasons, whereas no transmission took place in the cool (January-March) season. While a marked variation in number of eggs of S. haematobium excreted in urine was recorded during the day, an only limited day to day variation was recorded. Maximum numbers of eggs/10 ml urine was excreted around noon. Human water contact behaviour was highly focal, and spetific sites were used for specific purposes. Site use was determined by accessibility and by suitability for a particular activity. Sites with sandy bottoms were thus found most suitable for bathing and swimming. A clear seasonal trend in the frequency of water contacts was seen. Generally water contact was relatively intensive during the hot and rainy seasons (April-June and July-September) and during the cool season (January-March). During the post-rainy season (October-December), water contact varied in intensity, ranging from moderate to occasionally high. A marked seasonal variation in the population density of Bulinus truncatus , the snail host for S. haematobium, was recorded. The pattern of variation in snail numbers was rather irregular, without any clear-cut seasonal trend. A maximum mean number of 130.5 snails collected per site visit was recorded in November, whereas the minimum mean number of 24.7 snails was recorded in February. The seasonal variation in snail numbers showed no similarity among the four village areas studied. S. haematobium infected B. truncatus were recorded throughout the year with the exception of February, March and July. Peak numbers of infected snails were recorded in December and June, and the presence of infected snails during May and June and during October to December was a rather general finding in all village areas. Judging from the number of human water contact sites where S. haematobium infected B. truncatus were found, transmission of urinary schistosomiasis is very focal in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme. Grouping of the different sites as either swimming or non-swimming, revealed that by far most of the infected snails were found in sites categorized as swimming sites. . The present study has provided a valuable insight into the epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in the Rahad Irrigation Scheme. In addition, the study has also clearly revealed that the present schistosomiasis control programme in the Scheme, comprising annual treatment of infected schoolchildren and focal mollusciciding, is relatively unsuccessful
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    Mössbauer Studies on Kapoeta Meteorite
    (University of Khartoum, 1993) Hag Musa Isam El Din Hassan ; Absher Gism EL Seed ; Physics
    Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the temperature range (20 – 300 K) has been carried out on an old fall, sudanese meteorite; Kapoeta. The first chapter covers the general background of meteorites, the second one the theoretical basis of Mössbauer Effect Spectroscopy (MES), whereas the third chapter deals with the experimental set-up and the data processing. Experimental results obtained are collected in chapter four. The results obtained for the spectra of the scanned temperature range showed paramagnetic doublets, which were assigned to Fe2+ in pyroxent sites. The temperature dependence of the spectra ruled out the presence of olivine and assigned the orthopyroxene to sites Ml and M2. The lattice dynamical parameters of the two sites were investigated from both the temperature dependence of the isomer shift and the area under the resonance curve. The effective masses for the two sites were found to be 69.8 and 72.2 a. m .u. which are nearly equal whereas the Debye temperatures were found to be 496.9 and 398.1 K which are almost overlapping within the experimental errors.
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    Chemical Composition, Keeping Quality and Yield of Butter at Kuku Dairy Plant.
    (University of Khartoum, 1993) Ahmed EL Meddani Makawi Mohamed ; Osman ELAoni ; Dairy Production
    This study was carried out at Kuku Dairy Plant to investigate the chemical composition, keeping quality, physical properties, grading as well as the yield of butter. In the chemical analysis the fat per cent, moisture content, solids-not-fat, acidity and acid value were measured and the averages were 83.42, 14.54, 2.044, 0.0810% and 0.956, respectively. In the physical properties Reichert Messil, Polenske and Kirschner values were determined. Average values were 19.7, 1.86 and 19.89, respectively. The results of grading and chemical analysis included thiobarbituric acid test, peroxide value, acidity and Acid value. Packing of butter in Aluminum foil, cups and normal paper, stored at 50ºC and 0ºC for five months indicated that aluminum foil was superior as wrapper followed by cups then normal paper. Butter stored at 0ºC was of superior quality compared to that stored at 50ºC. Seventy per cent of the total churnings trials for overrun ranged between 17.70 and 20.2.
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    Geophysical Study of the Central Sudan Granulites
    (University of Khartoum, 1994) Ahmed Magdi Mirghani ; Abd EL Hafiz Gad EL Mula ; GEOLOGY
    Gravity data have been used together with surface structural geology to examine the configuration and position of the high grade rocks (granulite facies) of the Central Sudan (J. Moya and Ban-gadeed). The Tectonic activity has left imprints on the gravity field which marked by gravity highs and lows. It is inferred that the gravity high is associated with the Ban- gadeed enderbite whereas the low is generally related to Jebel Moya charnocite. The regional field has been removed using a low order polynomial surface. The major contribution to the regional anomalies stems from the topography of the crust-mantel boundary, the regional low in Bouguer anomalies on J. Moya area is mainly due to the depression in Moha. The residual anomalies over prominent highs and lows have been interpreted using two dimensional models for underlying formations; the gravity modeling took into consideration geophysical cross section and density values based on the petrophysical data from well defined crustal units. Jebel Moya area is characterized by a maximum depths occurrence of the granulite focies rocks equal to (1.2 km) whereas Ban-gadeed area is characterized by maximum depths occurrence of (700 m). Structural and geophysical data demonstrate that the granulite facies are forming an uplifted tectonic blocks which have been brought to the surface by major faults systems: two geophysical models are proposed for the two study areas. Analysis of the gravity field of the two areas suggests that the crust below these areas is thickened, the exact amount can be expected only from explosion seismology and the boundary between the Nile Carton and Arabian Nubian shield may pass from Jebel Moya and continued to the north to the west of the Nile.
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    Factors Affecting Reproductive and Productive Performance of Crossbred Dairy Cattle in the Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 1994) Salim Abd EL Aziz Ahmed Fadl EL Moula ; Abd EL Moneim Mukhatar AbuNikhaila ; Animal Breeding and Genetics
    This study was conducted to investigate the factors that influence the reproductive, productive traits and the components of the lactation curve of crossbred dairy cows at the University of Khartoum Farm. The study covered the period from 1973-1992; data from 94 grade dairy cows of known pedigree were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using the computer program (SAS, 1987). Gamma function method1 (Wood, 1967) was employed to describe the lactation curve. The results revealed that lactation number exerted a significant effect on calving interval (P<0.0l), service period (P<0.0l) and NSPC (P<0.0l). The productive traits that showed variability among parities included milk yield per lactation (P<0.0l), mean daily milk yield (P<0.0l) and dry period (P<0.0l). On the other hand, the initial yield (a- parameter), decreasing slope (c-parameter), peak yield and degree of persistency of yield were significantly (P<0.0l) affected by the order of lactations. Percentage total foreign blood and sire breed introduced variation on the productive traits namely, milk yield per lactation (P<0.0l), mean daily milk yield (P<0.0l), lactation length (P<0.05) and dry period (P<0.0l). The components of lactation curve that were affected by percentage total foreign blood and sire breed were a-parameter (P<0.05), c-parameter (P<0.0l), persistency of yield (p<0.0l), peak yield (p<0.0l) and week of peak (p<0.0l). Season, period of calving and their interaction had a significant effect on age at first calving (p<0.0l), calving interval (p<0.0l), service period (P<0.0l) and NSPC (P<0.0l). Among the productive traits studied, mean daily milk yield was found to be affected by period of calving (P<0.0l). However, both factors introduced variation in lactation length (P<0.0l). Meanwhile, week to attain peak yield was affected by season of calving (P<0.05). Degree of persistency, a- and c-parameters and maximum yield were affected by period of calving (P<0.0l), while week of peak yield effected variation among periods of calving (P<0.05). The study also investigated the relationship among the components of lactation curves.
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    Carcass Characteristics, Meat Yield and Quality of Different Types of Western Baggara Cattle
    (University of Khartoum, 1994 ) Rahma Aziz Ajaj ; Abdalla Sid Ahmed ; Meat Production
    A study was conducted to investigate the difference between two types of Western Baggara cattle (Nyalawi and Messiriya types) in their live animal and carcass measurements, yield of wholesale cuts and meat quality. Nyalawi type had higher (P<0.0l) height at withers, heart girth, chest depth, hip width and abdomen circumference while Messiriya type had a higher (P<0.01) trunk length. While Messiriya type had higher (P<0.01) fat thickness at the 12th. Nyalawi type had a higher (P<0.01) kidney, pelvic and heart (KPH) fat percentage. Longissimus muscle area and other linear carcass measurements were not statistically different between the two types (P>0.05). Comparison between the two types in the yield of the wholesale cuts revealed that Nyalawi had higher (P<0.0l) absolute weights of all wholesale cuts except the brisket which was higher in Messiriya type. As to the percentage of primal cuts, Messiriya had higher (P<0.0l) loin and round percentages whereas Nyalawi had higher rib (P<0.0l) and chuck (P<0.05) percentages. This indicates that Messiriya type had higher (P<0.0l) percentage of high quality cuts compared to Nyalawi. Meat quality was not different between the two types although Nyalawi type had a higher (P<0.0l) protein content in its longissimus muscle, moisture and ether extract were not significantly different between the two types.
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    Effect of Dietary Regime of Feeding Sunflower Seed Meal on Performance of Laying Hens
    (University of Khartoum, 1995) Abbas Mahmoud Osman Salih ; Khadiga Abass ; Animal Nutrition
    The present study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding Sunflower Seed Meal (SSM) with different sources of protein on layer performance and egg quality characteristics. According to the proximate analysis SSM contained 97.2% DM, 8.88% ash 30.2% CP, 7.74% ether extract 18.84% crude fibre, 0.4% calcium, 0.5% magnesium and 0.78% phosphorus. Five diets were formulated to be approximately iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous containing sunflower seed meal. One diet contained 30% SSM supplemented with superconcentrate, the other four diets contained 20% SSM supplemented with one of the following sources of protein: Sesame meal, groundnut meal, bloodmeal and offals. One hundred eighty, 21 weeks old single comb White leghorn (Bovans) laying hens were kept in three batteries and were adapted on a commercial layer diet for 3 weeks period. The five dietary treatments were allocated to hens in a completely randomized design. There were 4 replicates per treatment of 9 birds each. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum under a 16-hr. photoperiod throughout the 14 weeks of the experimental period. Results obtained indicated that birds fed supplemented SSM with either superconcentrate or blood meal had significantly higher feed intake, egg production and feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg egg) in comparison with the other dietary treatments. Moreover, the only birds that showed positive body weight at the end of the experiment were those subjected to 20% SSM blood meal supplement. The poorest performance (feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio and high mortality) was obtained from those birds fed 20% SSM supplemented with sesame meal. Inclusion of 3.5% blood meal or 5% super concentrate in sorghum - SSM based diet provided satisfactory commercial layer performance.