Vol.12, No. 3, 2004

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    The Interaction Between Prolonged Lactation Lengths and Some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Butana Dairy Farm Sudan
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) El Fakey, W.M. ; El Zubeir, I.E. M.
    The interactions between prolonged lactation periods and some productive and reproductive traits were investigated in thirty-two Friesian cows in Butana Dairy farm, Sudan. Age at first calving significantly (P£0.01) affected lactation length. Lactation lengths of 470.5 days were associated with the age group of 650–700 days, while longer lactation periods (501.2 days) were obtained at the age group of 700–750 days. Calving interval showed a non-significant correlation (r = 0.16) with lactation length. Parity number showed a significant effect (P£0.01) on lactation lengh and a positive correlation (r > 0.01) with it. The longest lactation (506.2 days) was obtained in the third parity and the shortest (472.3 days) in the fourth parity. The number of services per conception indicated a significant effect (P£0.01) on lactation length. The shortest lactation length (464.3 days) was recorded for the group which received more than eight services, while the longest (499.4 days) was recorded for the group that received 6–8 inseminations. A positive correlation (r = 0.620) between milk yield and lactation length was obtained. The average daily milk yields of 100 days, 305 days and more than 305 days were 21.3, 17.66 and 7.43 kg, respectively. Lactation curves revealed that parity one, two and four were about 16 months, and the third parity was 17 months. Mathematical calculation of persistency of the first, second, third and fourth parities were 1.508, 1.202, 1.291 and 1.223, respectively. However, persistency, based on lactation length was 1.289, 1.484, 1.648 and 1.009 from the shortest to the longest lactation lengths. When the studied cows (32) were medically treated, 15% of them responded to the treatment (6%, 6% and 3% for the first, second and third parities, respectively). The culling rate (63%) was 38%, 13%, 9%, and 3% during the first, second, third and fourth parities, respectively.
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    Estimate of Character Association for Grain Yield and its Components in Some Pearl Millet Genotypes Under Four Environments
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Fadlalla, H.A. ; Abdalla, A.H. ; Khidir, M.O.
    Eighteen pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) genotypes were evaluated under normal irrigation and water stress conditions in the autumn of 1997 at two locations, namely, El Rawakeeb and Shambat, Sudan, using split–plot design with three replications. Irrigation every 7 to 10 days and every 19 to 21 days were assigned to the main plots, and the genotypes to the subplots. The sowing date was in the last week of July at the two locations. Data were collected on grain yield/ha and its components; namely, grain yield/plant, number of fertile tillers/plant, number of seeds/head, 1000-seed weight and harvest index. The data of each level of watering treatment in each location were analyzed as a separate environment. Grain yield exhibited strong positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with most of its components under the different environments. However, no definite pattern was obtained in study of the correlation among the genotype performance under the different testing environments, which was probably due to the significant genotype x environment interaction. Negative correlations were obtained between the performances at El Rawakeeb and at Shambat under water stress for number of fertile tillers/plant. This relation influenced the degree of associations between this trait and other traits in these environments.
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    Interactive Effects of Cultivars, Foliar Application of Mirconutrients and Rhizobium Inoculation on Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Performance
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Elballa, M.M.A. ; El-amin, A.H.B. ; Elamin, E.A. ; Elsheikh, E.A.E.
    A field experiment was conducted for two successive seasons (1995/96 and 1996/97) to examine the effects of inoculation, micronutrient foliar fertilization and cultivar on growth and yield of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in spilt-spilt plot design. The main plot was used for the inoculation, the subplots were allotted for micronutrients and the cultivars were placed in the sub-subplots. The results revealed that micronutrient fertilizers consistently gave a considerable increase in the number of pods and consequently higher yield. The cultivar Narina, generally, had heavier seeds, higher number of seeds per pod and taller plants compared to the cultivar Maestero. Rhizobium inoculation had no significant effect on the parameters measured. This necessitates the estimation of the number of native rhizobia for the crop of interest for accurate assessment of the need for inoculation. A significant interaction was found between cultivars and fertilizers only in leaf nitrogen content.
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    Nodulation of Legumes in the Sudan V. The Cross-inoculations of Guar
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Mahdi, A.A. ; Mustafa, E.M.A.
    Investigations on nodulation of guar and five other species of legumes in the Sudan indicated that although these legumes were naturally nodulated, inoculation by introduced or locally-isolated bacterial strains improved nodulation and dry matter production. Crop preference to strains and environmental controls appeared to influence response to inoculation. Inoculum size had no effect on the response of guar to inoculation, but subjection of inoculated seeds to initial periods of drought exerted pronounced negative effects on nodulation and dry matter production, particularly in sandy soil.
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    Effect of Boiling and Roasting on Protein Fractions and In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Seven Groundnut Cultivars
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) El Shafie, W.A.A ; Mohamed, B.E. ; El Tinay, A. H. ; Abdalla, A.H.
    Variations in protein fractions and in vitro protein digestibility as influenced by boiling (100°C for 30 minutes) and roasting (165°C for 5 minutes) were monitored in the seeds of seven groundnut cultivars. Three of them are indigenous cultivars grown under rainfed conditions in Zalingi area of western Sudan, three are released cultivars for the irrigated areas in central Sudan and one was released for sandy soils in western Sudan. Globulin was the major protein fraction in all cultivars followed by albumin and then G3-glutelin. The seeds of the indigenous cultivar Tiskari had high albumin, while those of the cultivar Gangis were high in G3-glutelin.The released cultivar Medani was high in globulin, but was low in G3-glutelin. The fractions prolamin, G1-glutelin and G2-glutelin were found in small percentages in all cultivars. On boiling, the globulin fraction decreased significantly (P£0.05) in the protein of all cultivars, while albumin and G3-glutelin increased. Roasting decreased the globulin and G3-glutelin but increased the albumin fraction significantly (P£0.05). The increase in the insoluble residue during roasting indicates a decrease in the solubility of the protein. Boiling increased the in vitro protein digestibility significantly (P£0.05) and was the most effective treatment for improving protein digestibility, whereas on roasting the in vitro protein digestibility decreased significantly (P£0.05) for all cultivars.
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    Thermal Stability of Protease and Lipase Enzymes Extracted From Psychrotrophic Bacteria in Raw Milk
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Osman, M. E. ; Allan, M.C.
    Purified protease and lipase enzymes of eight psychrotrophic bacteria, isolated from refrigerated raw milk, were subjected to different heat treatments. The heat treatments included two pasteurization regimes: 63°C for 35 minutes and 77°C for 17 seconds, in addition to heat treatments at 40°C and 55°C for one hour. The enzymes were resistant to these temperatures. The heat treatment of the enzymes at 63°C for 35 minutes caused more inactivation than treatment at 77°C for 17 seconds. The 55°C treatment had a higher inactivation effect than 40°C. Heating at 55°C for one hour caused greater protease inactivation than lipase.
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    Proteins and Baking Quality of Three Sudanese Wheat Cultivars I. The Relationship Between Protein Soluble Fractions and Breadmaking Properties
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Elagib, E. A.A. ; Bureng, P.L. ; Mohamed, B.E.
    The objective of this research was to study the proteins of three Sudanese wheat cultivars and their relationship to breadmaking properties. The Sudanese cultivars (Elneelain, Debaira, and Wadi Elneel) were compared with an Australian bread wheat cultivar. Baking test, farinograph characteristics, sedimentation value, gluten and gluten index were determined in wheat flours of 68% extraction rate. Wadi Elneel cultivar showed a better breadmaking quality than Elneelain and Debaira. Samples of whole wheat flours from the three Sudanese wheat cultivars and the Australian wheat were fractionated by a modified Osborne fractionation procedure into five solubility fractions: (i) the water-soluble albumins, (ii) the salt-soluble globulins, (iii) the aqueous alcohol-soluble gliadins, (iv) the acetic acid-soluble glutenins, and (v) the residue-glutenin fraction. The residue glutenin, calculated on flour basis, showed significant positive correlations (P≤0.05) with total protein, wet gluten, dry gluten, sedimentation value, gluten index and specific loaf volume. The residue glutenin, on total protein basis, showed significant positive correlations (P≤0.05) with total protein, gluten index and specific loaf volume. On the other hand, the soluble glutenin, calculated on flour basis, showed significant positive correlations (P≤0.05) with only water absorption and farinograph development time. The residue glutenin was found to be a fundamental factor determining breadmaking quality of wheat. The gluten indices of the Sudanese wheat cultivars were high, indicating good breadmaking quality, but according to other results of this study, the Sudanese wheat cultivars are of poor quality. Therefore, gluten index, as a breadmaking quality parameter, may not be applicable to the Sudanese wheat.
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    Stratification of Selected Soil Properties as Influenced by Tillage
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Abdalla, M.A. ; Elshami, O. M.E. ; Elmubarak, E. A.
    Stratification ratio values (SRVs) of the soil characteristics is a quantitative parametric approach proposed in this study to reveal the magnitude of favourable conditions and/ or adverse effects imposed by applying long-term conventional tillage system for soil management. This study was conducted in selected sandy clay loam soils belonging to the soil order Aridisols. The study showed that SRVs of soil organic carbon in surface soil are very low (0.75 to 1.01), compared to that of the subsurface, suggesting high rate of mineralization in the soil surface. Lower ratio values of bulk densities (0.77 to 0.98) were accompanied by higher ratio values of total porosity (0.51 to 1.18) in subsurface soils, indicating improvement in the physical properties. These findings could be considered as land quality indicators improving management technical specification packages and; adding input to the range of characteristics of the established soil series and; to the land quality set for the designation of land suitability classes elsewhere in the Sudan.
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    A Note on the Effect of Plant Population Density and Variety on Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Yield in the Vertisols of the Sudan Savannah Zone
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Hassan, A.E.
    A three-year experiment was carried out in West Kordofan State during 1999, 2000 and 2001 growing seasons to study the effect of four population densities and four varieties of sorghum on seed yield. The varieties did not show significant difference in the number of days to 50% flowering, but differed significantly in plant height and seed yield per hectare. The effect of plant density on seed yield was significant. All cultivars gave their highest yield under the highest density (125 000 plants/ha), and the variety Wad Ahmed out yielded the other three varieties. The interaction between the cultivar and plant density did not significantly affect the seed yield.
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    Response of Tomato to Different Irrigation Methods and Dripper Types Under Greenhouse Conditions
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) AL-Naeem, M. A. ; AL-Naeem, A.A.
    A glasshouse experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2000/01 and 2001/02) using a sandy soil and four dripper types with four irrigation systems. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of these treatments on vegetative growth, yield and quality of the variety Carmelo of tomato and N, K and P contents of the soil. The study was carried out at the Agricultural and Veterinary Training and Research Station of King Faisal University in Al-Hassa oasis, which is characterized by hot and dry climate. The results showed that using adjustable dripper resulted in the highest values of plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, root length, dry/fresh weight of root (%), average fruit weight, number of fruits/plant and yield/plant, as well as N%, K%, P% and electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil. Using 20 cm subsurface irrigation gave the highest values for plant height, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, dry/fresh weight of plant (%), root length, dry/fresh weight of root (%), average fruit weight, number of fruits/plant, yield/plant (kg), and N%, P%, K% and EC of the soil. The interaction between dripper type and irrigation system produced the highest values for all vegetative and reproductive parameters, fruit quality and N%, K%, P% and EC of the soil. It is concluded that adjustable dripper with 20 cm subsurface irrigation could be useful for enhancing the vegetative growth and total yield of tomato plants in Al-Hassa oasis, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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    Influence of Mycorrhizal Inoculation, Form of Phosphate Fertilization and Watering Regime on Nodulation and Yield of Soybean
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Mahdi, A.A. ; Nur Eldaim, A.B. ; Arbab, A.A.
    Pot and field investigations were conducted during 1999/2000 on the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, form of phosphate fertilization and watering regime on soybean nodulation and growth in sand and clay soils. Nodulation and plant growth were significantly enhanced by mycorrhization and by P fertilization, but the effect was greater in presence of both treatments. Nodulation in the sandy soil was strictly dependent on the presence of mycorrhizal fungi, while in clay soil either AM fungi or P fertilization could enhance nodule formation. Triple superphosphate was superior to monophosphate in this respect Increase in mycorrhizal colonization was associated with a corresponding increase in plant N and P contents.
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    Quantifying N2-Fixed by Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Compared to Some Summer Legumes Using 15N Methodology with Different Reference Crops
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Adlan, M.A. M. ; Mukhtar, N. O.
    Using the 15N methodology, one cultivar of groundnut repeated once (as groundnut 1 and 2) and one cultivar of each of the summer legumes guar, pigeon pea and mungbean were studied (a) to determine the amounts of nitrogen fixed by these legumes using different reference crops and (b) to compare N-fixation by groundnut to that of the above mentioned summer legumes. The reference crops used were, sorghum, soybean and a non-nodulating groundnut isoline. Each of the studied legumes and reference crops was grown at the Gezira Research Station Farm, in a microplot of 2.4 m2 situated at one side of a main-plot of 24 m2. The N2 fixing legumes guar, mung bean, and pigeon pea and sorghum were given 20 kg N/ha as urea at 5.0% 15N atom excess, and the reference crops of soybean and non-nodulating groundnut were given 100 kg N/ha at 1.0% 15N atom excess. 14N/15N ratios were determined in plants sampled from the microplots. The results showed that pigeon pea and guar could compete well with groundnut as N2-fixers. Levels of fixation (%Ndfa) were 79% (108 kg N/ha), 77% (138 kg N/ha) and 80% (70 kg N/ha) of the total crop's N need for guar, groundnut and pigeon pea, respectively. Mungbean fixed about 12% (6 kg N/ha) of its N need. The variation in the amounts of N2 fixed in kg/ha is dependent on the total plant N yield of each legume which was 160-180, 139, 87 and 68 for groundnut, guar, pigeon pea and mung bean, respectively. The non-nodulating groundnut was a superior reference crop over sorghum and soybean. Thus, the studied reference crops can be listed in a descending order of excellence as follows: non-nodulating groundnut > sorghum > soybean.
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    Management Parameters Affecting Wheat Harvesting Losses at the Rahad Agricultural Scheme, Sudan
    (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan, 2004) Bakhit, S. A. ; Elshami, O. M.E. ; Mohammed, H.I.
    The management parameters affecting wheat harvesting losses at the Rahad Agricultural Scheme were studied. These parameters included administrative supervision, weed infestation, plant density and presence of bunds. Ten field farms from each of the three "groups" of the scheme were used for collecting data for each management parameters using stratified sampling technique. The data were collected in 1996/97 season on the effect of management parameters on preharvest losses, machine losses (processing and header) and total losses. The results indicated that the absence of close field supervision had a highly significant (P£0.01) effect on header losses, total machine losses and total harvest losses, and a significant (P£0.05) effect on processing losses. The results also showed a highly significant (P£0.01) increase of processing losses, due to weed infestation and variation in plant density, while the presence of field bunds had highly