Thesis

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    القاضي الفاضل حياتة ونشرة
    (University of Khartoum, 1968) علي, عبدالرحمن بلة
    القاضي الفاضل حياتة ونشرة
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    أبوعبادة البحتري
    (University of Khartoum, 1970) بابكر البدوي,دشين
    أبو عبادة البحتري
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    الجزيرة في خلال المهدية
    (University of Khartoum, 1970) ابراهيم, أحمد عثمان أحمد
    الجزيرة في خلال المهدية
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    تعليم المرأة في السودان
    (University of Khartoum, 1970) برات, محمود عبدالله
    تعليم المرأة في السودان
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    ولاية بربر فى عهد الخليفة عبدالله
    (University of Khartoum, 1971) ابراهيم عكاشة علي
    ولاية بربر فى عهد الخليفة عبدالله
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    Studies on Carbohydrates Digestion in the Camel (Camelus Dromedarius)
    (UOFK, 1981) Mutasim Mohamed Sir Elkhatim.
    The intestinal tract and the pancreas of camels (Camelus dromedarius) and cattle were investigated for carbohydrate activities, namely, amylase. maltase isomalates. lactase, cellobiase, trehalase and sucrase. Distribution of these enzymes was also investigated along the intestinal tract. The pancreas of camels was found to possess a powerful amylase beside weak activities of maltase, isomaltase, lactase and cellobiase. Amylase activity (1701 units/g tissue/ minute) was higher than that of cattle (397 units/ g tissue/minute) and other true ruminants and comparable to that of monogastirc animals. Amylase, maltase, isomaltase, lactase, cellobiase and trehalase were present at different levels both in the mucosa and the contents of the camel intestine. Their levels in the mucosa of camels were higher than in cattle. These activities were localised mainly in the small intestine, fairly in the large intestine. None of these enzymes was detected in preparations from the abomasum of both camels and cattle. Sucrase was not detected in all the preparations from the abomasum and the intestines of both camels and cattle. The distribution of activities along the intestinal tract of camels was in general similar to that of cattle and to that reported in other species. The different carbohydrates showed different locations: amylase, maltase and isomaltase were mainly localized in the middle region of the small intestine (jejunum) and lactase, cellobiase and trehalase in the proximal region. It is concluded that the small intestine of the camel is the major site for post-ruminal carbohydrate digestion where the enzymes elaborated by the animal itself are the main effects of hydrolysis. The possible digestion of starch and the respective disaccharides in the camel and cattle intestines was discussed.
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    Investigations into the Growth and Reproduction of Synodontis schall (Bloch - Scbneider, 1801) From The White Nile.
    (University of Kkhartoum, 1983) Abd Elhalim, A. I
    In this study, a total of 631 specimens (311 females and 320 males of Synodontis schall were studied. Growth patterns were investigated through Lengt.h-we Lght and length-age relationships. AGeing :celiabili ty through the use of certain bone structures such 2S opercula and vertebrae was c onf i rmed , Grovvth rings wer-e also found to be laid annually on those bones. Back-calculated Leng t hs for the first growth ring were calculated and compared with observed lengths for the same age . .§. schall spawns in July/August, once a year, and se a scn al. charige s in gonad s were studied tllroll.gh inve s t> igation of water and ash content as well as gOl1osomatic indices. Both absolute and relative fecundities vlere investigated and maximum and minimum numbers of eC~3s per inclividual described. Highly correlated predictive equa t i ons wer e described for the relationships between absolute fecundity with length, age, weight and ovary V/eight. Ver.i at.i ons in the egg-diameter during the breeding ae a aori )18r2 f oLl owed; and the morphological changes in the Gon.::ds ( males cnd females) described for all stages of matur. ty and Lrmatu i-Lty ,
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    Long and Short-Term Effect of Conventional Tillage on Some Soil Properties of Sugar Cane Grown Vertisol
    (Uofk, 2002) Elgali, Azhari Abdel Gadir Ahmed ; Omer Mohamed Eltom ; Agricultural Engineering
    Soil tillage imposed different effects on soil properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a long (LT)(> 40 years) and short - term (ST) (< 10 years) effects of conventional tillage in a sugar can grown in a vertisol on some soil properties as compared to native vegetation (NV). The tillage sequence was sub-soiling, smoothing by disc harrowing, leveling and ridging (every 4 - 5 years) and re-ridging annually. The results showed that, weight of particulate of organic matter associated with sand particles (POM) in the LT (9.6 g kg-1) and ST (6.7 g kg-1) were significantly (P = 0.007) higher than that reported in NV (2.1 g kg-1). In the 0 - 10 cm soil depth tillage had no effect on total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon (OC) and bulk density (Bd). However, in the 10 - 20 cm soil depth, significantly (P > 0.03) more N was incorporated in the LT tillage (0.46g kg-1) compared to NV and ST tillage (0.26-0.33g kg-1). In this depth (10 - 20 cm), LT tillage significantly (P < 0.01) decreased Bd from 1.8 (in ST) and 1.7 (in NV) to 1.5 g cm-3. In the third depth (20 - 30 cm), TN and Bd were not affected while OC was significantly (P = 0.009) decreased from 4.9 (in NV) to 2.2 (in LT) and 1.7 g kg-1 (in ST). In the lower soil depth (30 - 40 cm), there seemed to be more incorporation of OC (though not significant) in the LT compared to ST and NV. Therefore, more C and N were brought into the lower soil depth (particularly in the 10 - 20 cm depth) in LT. This might subject the soil under sugar cane production to degradation. It could be concluded that, in heavy textured soils under cane production in the dry tropics, soil degradation by tillage might not be a constraint if non-inverted tillage implements were used. This could possibly be attributed to physical protection of organic matter by the high clay content (> 52%).
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    The distribution of haptoglobin phenotypes among patients with some infectious diseases in Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2002) Baleela, R. M. H.
    The major tropical diseases, other than malaria, in Sudan are: tuberculosis, widely distributed, schistosomiasis in central and western parts, visceral leishmaniasis in eastern and southern Sudan, trypanosomiasis in the southern andonchocerciasis in southern, northern and eastern regions. In this study haptoglobin phenotyping was performed using the electrophoresis separation of sera or plasma on polyacrylamide gel followed by benzidine staining to detect whether there is a relationship between haptoglobin phenotypesand susceptibility to the above-mentioned diseases. The distribution of the haptoglobin phenotypes (1-1), (2-1), and (2-2) among 59 subjects infected with tuberculosis, was found to be 27.1%, 50.8%, and 22.0% respectively. Among 46 subjects infected with intestinal schistosomiasis, it was foundto be 76.1%,21.7%, and 2.2% respectively. Among 188 subjects infected with visceral leishmaniasis, it was found to be 63.8%, 34.0%, and 2.1% respectively. Among 89 subjects infected with trypanosomiasis, it was found to be 68.5%, 22.5%, and 9.0% respectively. Among 37 subjects infected with onchocerciasis,it was found to be 43.2%, 45.9%, and 10.8% respectively. The results indicated that the number of individuals with Hp 1-1 was significantly higher among patients infected with protozoal parasites and schistosomiasis when compared to the controls, while no significant difference was seen when tuberculosis and onchocerciasis were concerned. Therefore it is reasonable to suggest that Hp 1-1 might be associated with the susceptibility to visceralleishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and intestinal schistosomiasis. A significant difference was found in the distribution of haptoglobin phenotypes between subjects with parasitic infections (except onchocerciasis) and subjects with bacterial infection (P= 0.000). No significant difference was detected betweenthe haptoglobin phenotypes and sex.
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    Prediction Of Financial Distress In Sudanese Commercial Banks
    (Graduate College-University of Khartoum, 2003) Ahmed, Ibrahim Elsiddig
    Distress and bankruptcy prediction has been one of the most challenging tasks in accounting during the last 60 years. Academics in the fields of accounting and finance have actively studied bankruptcy since the groundbreaking work of Beaver (1966, 1968) and Altman (1968). In the last five years, three of the Sudanese Commercial Banks had completely failed and were liquidated, this is a phenomenon that needs to be studied and analyzed. The study is the first to develop a model for the prediction of financial distress in Sudanese Commercial Banks. The study examined the analytical ability of financial ratios in the prediction of distress for a sample of six commercial banks during a five year period. Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) is used to determine the variables that distinguish between healthy and distressed banks. Many models in the literature are of great use to this study like the Z-Score model, Zeta model, CART model, CAMEL, and Chesser model. When we replicate Altman Z-Score after certain adjustments, the degree of its accuracy in Sudan and commercial banks is lower than its high degree of predictability in other countries and manufacturing companies. The study started by the basic definition of distress as followed by the Basel Committee and classified healthy and distressed banks on that basis. This adds a contribution to the body of knowledge of financial distress in Sudan. The financial ratios are found to be of great use to the prediction of distress and financial distress is affected by interacting factors that related directly to the liquidity, profitability, leverage and activity of commercial banks as can be seen in the model. Only financial variables are considered in this study because commercial banks are subject to the same conditions relevant to other entities. Many financial ratios were analyzed and tested. 13 ratios representing four groups were found to be useful in the analysis. The study applied MDA to find only four ratios of high predictive power in distinguishing healthy from distressed commercial banks. This new model can be of great use for policy makers and commercial banks managers, and can be considered as a base for future studies. ملخص التنبؤ بالعسر والفشل المالي(الإفلاس) من التحديات التي تواجه المحاسبة منذ أآثر من خمسين عاما. قام الأآاديميون في مجالي المحاسبة والتمويل بدراسة الإفلاس على أسس الدراسات التي أجراها آل من( بيفر) 1966 و 1968 و (ألتمان) 1968 , بدأت ظاهرة الفشل المصرفي في السودان قبل خمس سنوات في ثلاثة من المصارف التجارية, مما حدا بنا إلى دراسة وتحليل هذه الظاهرة ووضع نموذج للتنبؤ بها. تعد هذه أول دراسة سودانية لوضع نموذج للتنبؤ(بالهشاشة) المالية في البنوك التجارية بالسودان.حيث.تقوم هذه الدراسة باختبار قدرة النسب المالية في التنبؤ بحدوث الهشاشة المالية, معتمدة في ذلك على عينة مكونة من ستة بنوك تجارية..استخدمت الدراسة في ذلك أسلوب التحليل الإحصائي المتعدد وأخذ متوسط هذه النسب على مدى خمس سنوات مالية. واستفادت الدراسة من مجموعة من النماذج المتاحة في الأدبيات وقامت بتطبيق بعضها على العينة المختارة من البنوك, مثل: نموذج(ألتمان), (آاميل), (آارت), وبعض نماذج الاحتمالات.ومن خلال ذلك تبين أن معظم هذه النماذج غير ملائمة للتطبيق. بناء على تعريف لجنة (بازل) للضعف المالي. تم تصنيف البنوك إلى سليمة وأخرى متعسرة ويعد ذلك إضافة حقيقية للمعرفة الأدبية في مجال دراسات تقييم الأداء في المصارف وبالتحديد الفشل المصرفي في السودان. تم تحديد العوامل المحددة للضعف والعسر المالي على أساس النسب المالية وفق عوامل متداخلة تؤدي في نهايتها إلى معرفة البنوك السليمة من غيرها. لم تنظر الدراسة إلى العوامل الاقتصادية والخارجية الأخرى لأن جميع هذه البنوك تخضع لنفس العوامل مما يعقد عملية تصنيفها على هذا الأساس. استخدمت الدراسة أآثر من أربعين نسبة وصلت بعد تنقيتها باستخدام نموذج (آارت) إلى ثلاث عشرة نسبة, ومن ثم استخدام نموذج التحليل الإحصائي المتعدد حيث وجد أن النسب التي تميز بين البنوك عبارة عن أربع من بين النسب التي استخدمت في الدراسة تحتوي على جميع أبواب النسب المذآورة آنفا. يعتبر النموذج المستخلص ذا فائدة عظيمة لعدة جهات أهمها: صناع القرار في إدارات البنك,المرآزي المختلفة وإدارة البنوك التجارية وغيرها من البنوك آما يعد نموذج الدراسة أساس متين لمجموعة من الدراسات المستقبلية.
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    Women Participation in Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development Process in South Kordofan State: The Case of the Area Rehabilitation Scheme- Kadugli
    (University of Khartoum, 2003) Elmagboul, Niveen Salah Eldin Ibrahim ; Abdel Raouf Suleiman Bello ; Agricultre extention and Rural Devolpment
    Various studies conducted on the experience of Sudan, have shown that poverty spread rapidly in the recent years in both rural and urban areas due to natural and man made disasters. These are include inter-alias, the civil war and environmental deterioration which consequently deepened the population’s poverty especially among rural women. It is argued that, women in South Kordofan State in general and in Kadugli Governorate in particular, play enormous roles in improving the economic situation of their families. Hence, they contribute effectively in the processes of poverty reduction and development in their area. This study was conducted to investigate women contributions in poverty reduction and their role in the process of development in South Kordofan State with particular reference to the Area Rehabilitation Scheme- Kadugli (ARS-K). The ARS-K was established by the UNDP in 1996 in collaboration with the government of the Sudan as an integrated rural development project. The project is an attempt to help rural communities to strengthen their local institutions and to improve their livelihood with emphasis on women. It aimed at rehabilitating selected villages in Kadugli Governorate with a view to establish a model to be replicated in rehabilitating other war-affected villages. The main objectives of the study were to identify the different activities introduced to women and to know the different approaches adopted by the project and how they promote women participation To meet the objectives of the study, both primary and secondary data were collected and used. Primary data was collected through a field survey carried out in the study area using questionnaire, interviews, observation and group discussion. The Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The results obtained indicated that rural women carry different economic activities to cope with their hard situation (i.e. participating effectively in the development activities introduced by the project, including communal farming, animal raising, as well as other income generating activities such as, charcoal production, food, tea making and selling). Thus, they have considerable contributions to the processes of poverty reduction and community development Based on the results obtained, the study proposed some recommendations for poverty reduction and promotion of the development process in the study area. These include: the implementation of different activities by NGOs and government agencies to improve the families’ income, which could reflect on the improvement of their standard of living (i.e. communal farming, animal raising and production, etc). This will, eventually, promote sustainable development in the area. Another recommendation is to give more attention and consideration should be given to the different income generation activities carried out by women. However, more efforts should be directed towards women capacity building to enable them to participate effectively in the process of development in a sustainable manner.
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    Public Knowledge Attitude And Behaviour Regarding Antibiotics Use In Animals In Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2004) Baday,Omar Mohamed Saleh ; Elsheikh Elmagzoub ;
    This Ph.D thesis is considered as an extension to the author’s M.Sc thesis “Performance promotion and efficiency improvement in Dr. Sharif Power Station”, which was presented in University of Khartoum in 1997. The M.Sc thesis covered the period from 1994 to 1996, when most of the technical problems appeared in Dr. Sharif Power Station, specially after the commercial run of Phase II Units Nos 3 & 4. The author dealt with scientific methods to solve the power station standing problems in order to promote the deteriorated performance and to raise the already degraded efficiency. The M.Sc thesis showed all the technical and managerial studies that had been carried out by the author in this regard. Those studies are now shown briefly in chapter 1 ‘Introduction” of this Ph.D thesis. The title of the Ph.D thesis is “ Technical and Managerial Development for raising efficiency in Dr. Sharif Power Station”. While the M.Sc thesis dealt with Remedial studies for promoting the performance, and hence improving the efficiency, the Ph.D thesis is now dealing with development studies for raising the efficiency to higher levels through using modern sophisticated technologies in power generation. The author, in order to fulfill the research objectives stated at the end of chapter 1, has divided his research into four main studies and many subordinate studies, which are all shown under seven chapters, in addition to an appendix covering one technical study been done by the author. At the beginning of each chapter a short summary is written as an introduction to it. The first main field of study is dealing with conversion of the existing gas turbines’ simple cycles in Dr. Sharif Power Station to combined cycle. This main study represents the most important part of this research. It starts with explaining the gas-steam turbines combined (Hybrid) cycle. It shows the power station GTs data specification. Then it describes in detail the Burmeister & Wain Scandinavian Contractor (BWSC) offer to NEC to convert KNPS simple cycle gas turbines to combined cycle. It shows the parts of the project works to be done by BWSC and by NEC, with all the field research carried out in Dr. Sharif power station (formerly KNPS) to modify and adapt BWSC offer in accordance to the power station technical data. This mainly covers the need for supplementary firing, for enough feed water, for enough cooling water and for enough cooling of the cooling water. A sub-study for NOx reduction facility is also done. The author shows that an estimation has been done to the proposed combined cycle overall efficiency by simulation of modules, where genuine data were fed to a computerized program prepared by the author to identify the raise in efficiency from the simple cycle to the Combined Cycle. A conclusion to the first study shows the advantages of the combined cycle power generation, and a related sub-study has been prepared for proving reliability, availability and performance test of combined cycle. The second field of study is dealing with exploitation of Sudan refined fuel oil in Dr. Sharif power station. It is divided into the following parts or sub-studies: Brief history of petroleum survey, discovery and production in the Sudan, type of Sudan crude oils according to international standards, refineries functionalism and productivity, specifications of produced fuel oil compared to international specifications, and evaluation of refined fuel oil usage in the power station. A 6 complete field research has been carried out in Dr. Sharif power station covering the exploitation of Al Obeid refinery fuel oil stating all problems and remedies arose from some differences in specifications, but which are in general much less than the first problems arose from Abu Jabra refinery fuel oil. The third field of study, is dealing with usage of new technologies in Dr. Sharif power station for raising the efficiency. The author in this chapter has got use of his 20 years experience in power generation in the Arabian Gulf Countries, dealing with modern sophisticated technologies. His aim is to introduce them to engineers and planners to use them for development of power generation in the Sudan. Five sophisticated technologies are being field studied with comparison results and are all shown in details as: Gas turbine air inlet chillers, steam turbine air-cooled condenser, steam turbine steam re-heating, steam turbine condensate polishing, and steam turbine unit with flue gas electrostatic precipitator. The advantages of each of these modern sophisticated technologies are included at the end of each field study of them accordingly. The fourth field of study is dealing with development of power station management. The study stresses on the role of the power station manager, the objectives he has to fulfill and the ways of leadership he has to adopt. The objectives are mostly to reduce costs, to keep good housekeeping, to improve plant performance, to develop the plant, to save money as a result of above techniques and safety techniques. The ways of leadership could be through motivation, communication, interpersonal skills, group dynamics and teamwork, and through innovation and planned change. A part of the fourth study also deals with the warehouse management, where its present situation is shown, then a special sub-study has been carried out for upgrading it to international standard of centralization of supplies department to include in its organization all of the purchasing, stock, and warehouse managements. The final chapter is divided into discussion, conclusion and recommendation for future work. In discussion the author explains all his contributions in the study works he did in this research. In conclusion the author shows that the objectives of this research have all been fulfilled. In the recommendation for future work the author points out that it remains to carry out revised studies in power planning, covering the power market survey, power forecast for annual demand growth, short-term and longterm power plans, correlation of hydro and thermal power generations, correlation of NEC with Independent Power Plants (IPP) of refineries, cement and sugar factories for buying their surplus generated power, privatization in power generation and role of investments in power generation through the Build, Own and Operate for agreed Time (BOOT) regime after breaking electricity monopoly of NEC, and lastly endeavor to reduce cost of generated power by using sophisticated power technologies.
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    Study of Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer of Oil Emulsion in a Pilot Scale Sieve Tray Column
    (University of Khartoum, 2005) Osman,Tageldin Osman ; Ahmed Abdel Rahim Gameel ;
    A study of primary and secondary treat ed liquid petroleum wastes in a pilot sieve tray column has been undertak en. The literature related to this type of extractor and the relevant phenomena of droplet break-up and coalescence, drop size and drop mass transfer have been reviewed. The method of treatment in local re fineries has been investigated and it is observed that the primary and sec ondary processes are quite efficient, but the tertiary process leaves some of th e oil in he effluent and this is why the treated water is not recycled and re used. The treated waste/oil water is pumped into ponds for evaporation leav ing the oil and other less volatile components as a residue which have a ne gative impact on the environment. The system of oil in water is not a normal solute-solvent system, and to make it so the mixture has been em ulsified with a surfactant producing a partially water miscible emulsion. E xperiments were carried out with non- mass transfer to determine the operating column hydrodynamics such as flooding. At 85% of flooding, mass transfer experiments were performed and the effects of drop size, drop size distribution and dispersed phase holdup volume at variable agitation speeds on the column performance have been investigated. The concentration profile has been measured and the overall experimental mass transfer coefficien ts were calculated from the mean driving force using Simpson's rule. It is observed that drop size, drop size distribution and mass transfer coeffi cients were strongly dependent on the speed of agitation. As the oil droplets were composed of emulsified oil in water and the oil itself is completely immiscible in water, the direction of mass transfer was from the emulsified droplets to th e dispersed phase. This condition coupled with high solubility of oil in n-hexane made the extraction process very efficient and an almost oil-free water could be obtained and recycled. 5 This work is also mainly intended to compare the experimental mass transfer coefficients with those pr edicted by the models formulated by Angelo et al and Rose et al. It is found that the data fitted very well when correlated by the model formulated by Angelo et al, therefore it is recommended for mass transfer pred iction in agitated columns such as sieve trays.
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    أثر مشروع الإرشاد والتشجير القروي في التقليل من آثار الزحف الصحراوي بمنطقة شندي
    (University of Khartoum, 2005) علوية علي, عبدالفتاح ; معتصم عبد الله عثمان ; Agricultural Extension and Rural Development
    Desertification poses as major environmental problem in the Sudan where by gathered real concern .The impact are more significant in the northern portion of the Sudan…………………………. This requires and continues to stern efforts towards mitigation and combating desertification the international NGOs efforts and encouragement are geared towards combat desertification the implementation of rehabilitation programs are recognized in form of constraints due to lack of sustainability element in the utilization of natural resources This study is concerned with assessing the Extension Village Scheme implemented for desertification control in Shendi Province. The general objective is evaluating of performance of this project in the River Nile State (with concern on role of community participation) on study area. The study investigates the achievement of the project objectives and with regard to desertification controls, benefits obtained and sustainability of the project after its implementation. For evaluation some methods used to achieve the objectives of this research is composed selection of villages and respondents by random sampling. Data were collected from local administration where extension village scheme was executed part of the data comprised of questionnaire with survey samples (respondents), reports, observation and other sources of secondary data sources. Results obtained from this study show substantial benefits to the area. However desertification and sand encroachment continue to persist which almost defies the warrant efforts, therefore, the problem require more community participation, resources inputs, government/ international NGO involvement. In addition financial support for implementing combat of desertification result also show: The project had achieve most of it’s goals and objectives but the sustainability of the project is going downward due to termination of the project fund. People in study area are very much ware of their environmental status, but the extension efforts are limited to the wind break in farms. Effective in availability of tree seedling in the study area. No efforts realized from the local area committees. The researcher presents the following recommendation and suggestions: Soliciting for government and Foreign funding to double efforts towards desertification combat and sand encroachment problem. Interaction of scientifically proved tree species as replacement to Prosopis chileness which proved to be a problem on agricultural schemes. Intensifying media coverage of forestry extension against miss-use of land, deforestation and livestock regring.
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    The Effect Of Phase Feeding On Broiler Performance
    ( 2006) Algam, Tamador Ali Eltayeb ; Poultry Production
    This study was conducted to assess the effects of phase feeding on growth performance of broiler chicks. The experimental work consisted of a 7-week feeding trial, in which three different feeding programmes were fed to day-old broiler chicks (Hubbard). The chicks were reared on deep litter in an open experimental poultry house. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design consisting of three rows (blocks) with three pens (experimental units) each, with 10 chicks per pen. Three experimental diets were formulated to contain different levels of ME and Crude protein; namely a broiler starter diet containing approximately 3072 Kcal ME/kg and 23.9% crude protein, a grower diet containing 3118 Kcal ME/Kg and 21.8% crude protein, and a finisher diet containing 3200 Kcal ME/kg and 18% crude protein. The three feeding programmes were randomized within each block giving three replicates per treatment. The first programme (treatment I) consisted of feeding the starter diet throughout the whole experimental period (7 week), While the second feeding programme (treatment II) consisted of feeding the starter diet for the first two weeks followed by feeding the grower diet for the following two weeks, followed by the finisher diet for the remaining two weeks of the experiment. In the third feeding viii programme (treatment III), the starter diet was fed for three weeks followed by the finisher diet for four weeks. Records were kept for weekly feed consumption, weekly live weight and live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, daily mortality and dressing percentage at the end of the experiment. The collected data was subjected to analysis of variance to assess statistical differences among the experimental treatments. The results diets not reveal any significant differences in productive parameters, but indicated marked trends in differences among the experimental treatment. These differences showed that the highest feed consumption and live weight gain were attained by the group of birds fed the starter diet throughout the experimental period. Feeding the starter diet followed by the finisher diet for four weeks resulted in the lowest total feed consumption, reasonably high body weight gain, lowest feed conversion ratio and highest dressing percentage. It can, however, be considered under the conditions of the present experiment that the three experimental feeding programmes supported similar productive performance of broiler, indicating a slight economic advantage of feeding the starter diet followed by the finisher diet
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    Effect Heat Treatment of seasame cake on chemical Composition And Protein Kenetics degradation
    ( 2006) Ahmed, Asaad Salem ; Animal Nutrition
    This study was conducted to estimate the influence of heat treatment on sesame cake, chemical composition and ruminal protein degradation. Sesame cake was heated at 140, 150 and 160oC. untreated sesame cake represented control (T1) heated at 140oC for one hour (T2:1) for two hours (T2:2) for 3 hours (T2:3), heated of 150oC for one hour (T3:1) for two hours (T3:2) for 3 hours (T3:3) and heated at 160oC for an hour (T4:1) for two hours (T4:2) and for 3 hours (T4:3) samples were incubated in 3 fistulated female goats (1 bag/goat/period) the incubation periods: 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours, analysis for chemical composition was carried out. The data revealed that no effect on chemical composition (CP, OM), due to heat treatment. Heat treatment generally caused protein protection, by decreasing the soluble fraction (a) and the rumen degradation rate (c) the highest protection occurred at 150oC more clearly at one hour.
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    Losses in Finished Broilers Due To Handling and Transportation to the Slaughterhouse
    ( 2006) Ibrahim,Mohammed Abdallah Mohammed ; Poultry Production
    This study was conducted to assess the dead on arrival (DOA), injured or unhealthy finished broiler chickens during their handling and transportation from the growing farms to the processing plant of the Arab Poultry Production and Processing Co. (APPPC). The experimental work was in the form of a survey of 8 weeks duration. Regular visits were made to the company's growing farms and processing plant during the five slaughtering days each week, and data was collected on each journey for the number of birds crated and transported, journey time and total journey time and distance traveled by each batch of birds. The birds on arrival to the processing plant were inspected for physical conditions and the injured, unhealthy and DOA birds were recorded. Post-mortem examination was made on a random sample of 100 DOA birds to determine the causes of mortality. The number of surveyed birds was 429301 unsexed broiler chickens (Ross 308), which has been transported to the processing plant in 231 journeys. The number of DOA birds was 1055, reaching 0.246% of the total number. Post-mortem examination revealed that the main causes of death were heat stress, suffocation and loading and unloading injuries, at a percentage of 76, 16 and 8% respectively of the total DOA . The results also indicated marked effects of environmental temperature and associated month and season of the year ; and time of journey and distance traveled on the percentage DOA.
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    Effect of Castration on Feedlot Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Of Western Sudan Baggara Bulls
    ( 2006) Ismail,Hayat Abdelhameed
    Twenty-four Western Sudan Baggara bulls ranging in live body weight from 175-185kg and age from 2.0-2.5years were used to study the effect of castration on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. The animals were divided by stratified random sampling into two groups and the groups were randomly assigned to either castrated or entire treatment. The groups were fed ad libitum molasses based ration (11.09 MJ/kgDM, ME) and sorghum stover as 1.43kgDM/head/day. Green fodder ‘Medicago sativa’ was given as a supplementary source of vitamin A (2kg/head/2week). The bulls were slaughtered at an average target live weight of 258 kg (250-265 kg). A significant superiority of the intact bulls over the castrated ones was proved in the following studied parameters: they took shorter feeding period (P<0.05), scored higher for the measurements width of shoulder, hump base length (P<0.05), heart girth around the hump (P<0.001) and height at tip of hump (P<0.01). They also had heavier heads (P<0.05) and total genitalia (excluding fat) (P<0.001). Their carcasses recorded heavier neck and chuck and blade joints (P<0.05), heavier sirloin’s muscular tissue (P<0.05), higher muscle to fat (P<0.001) and bone to fat (P<0.001) ratios. The meat of the intact bulls was also proved to have higher moisture and protein percentages (P<0.05), ash, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein percentages (P<0.001) and significantly higher pH (P<0.01). A non-significant superiority of the intact bulls over the castrated ones was proved in growth rate (0.89 vs. 0.82kg/day), feed conversion efficiency (8.85 vs. 9.44 kg DM/kg live wt. Gain) and the rib eye area (49.65 vs. 48.57 cm2). A significant superiority of the castrated bulls over the intact ones was detected in the following studied parameters: they scored higher for the measurements length from patella to posterior midline and depth of patella from tail junction (P<0.05). Higher percentage of genital fat (P<0.001), kidneys and pelvic fats (P<0.01), omental (P<0.001) and mesenteric fat (P<0.05). They were also found to have significantly thicker subcutaneous fat layer (P<0.001), higher chilled dressing percentage on empty body weight basis (P<0.05) and lower chiller shrinkage percentage (P<0.001). The meat of the castrated group had higher Hunter lightness value (P<0.001), superior water holding capacity (P<0.001), lower cooking loss percentage (P<0.001) and pH level (P<0.01). It was also of higher ether extract percentage (P<0.001), juicier (P<0.05) and had a better overall acceptability of the cooked meat (P<0.05). A non-significant superiority of the castrated bulls over the intact ones was shown in the carcass measurement leg circumference (95.33+5.61 vs. 92.92+4.25cm) and cold carcass weight (135.08+3.54 vs. 132.91+5.36kg).
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    Strategic Marketing for Sudanese Manufacturing Industry in Facing Challenges of Globalization: A Mangerial Approach
    (Graduate College-School of Management Studies-University of Khartoum, 2006) Gasab, Elfadil Timan Idriss
    ABSTRACT The present study was prompted by the rising concern among different manufacturing sectors in the face of the challenges of globalization. Strategic marketing for Sudanese manufacturing industry in facing challenges of globalization is the title given to this research. It started by stating the research problem, which centers on the capacity under utilization of the Sudanese manufacturing industry and low levels of performance, as well as threats from competition of imported products. The problem of increase in excess capacity presents a major marketing problem with implications for the pricing of goods, which weaken the competitive position of the firm. Such issues need to be addressed and rectified to ensure efficient and effective marketing strategies and plans so as to face the era of globalization. The study addressed five objectives which are concerned with investigating the weaknesses and threats of marketing strategies and plans for the Sudanese manufacturing industry, identification of the strengths and opportunities for better capacity utilization, exploring and recommending suitable management plans and strategies so as to improve the levels of performance, investigating reasons for failure and to introduce modernization programs, lastly to improve the competitive advantages of the industry by recommending suitable corrective actions to face up to globalization and joining the World Trade Organization (WTO). Six hypotheses were developed to attain the objectives of the study. These were: first, capacity under utilization leads to higher cost, which undermines the competitive position of the firm; second, managers in Sudanese manufacturing industry are not aware of strategic planning; third, Sudanese customers prefer imported products in comparison with locally produced products; fourth, failure of local manufacturing industry in meeting market demand led to customers shifting to imported products; fifth, in competition with foreign firms, local firms have the advantage of adapting their strategies to their local market segment; lastly, Sudanese customers prefer price advantages to quality, availability, and social status advantages. The thesis was structured into eight coherent chapters as follows: an introductory chapter, literature review, the profile of the Sudanese manufacturing industry, research methodology, results analysis and discussion for the three selected cases that is the cigarettes, the cement and the textiles in three different chapters, and summary, conclusion and recommendations respectively. Consequently, the study reviewed and covered the relevant literature like the situation analysis, Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP), the competitive advantage, marketing strategies, globalization was also reviewed as well as glocalization, localization, efficiency, capacity planning and utilization, the relevant market and analysis of market demand, buying center, customer turn over, willingness and ability to buy, lastly the Customer Relationship Marketing (CRM) was also reviewed. The profile of the Sudanese manufacturing industry was also presented with emphasis on its past, current situation and the expected future for it. Stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to draw the sample from a total population of 832, 828 populace distributed among eight occupations, each was considered as a stratum after some amendments. The educational estimate for the total population in all sectors was taken from 1993 Census after updating it through a projection based on 2.6% annual growth rate (Central Bureau of Statistics). The sample size was determined to be 416, 266, 144, and 100 respondents for the case of cigarettes, cement, textiles industries, and managers in such industries, respectively. The questionnaire and interview techniques were used to collect the relevant data for the study. The Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) was employed to analyze the data. Successively it is found that capacity underutilization leads to higher cost of production, which undermines the competitive position of the firm. With respect to managers in Sudanese manufacturing sector, they are unaware of the importance of strategic marketing planning. Thus no serious consideration paid to threats of globalization era. For cigarettes and cement industries it was concluded that customers in such industries prefer local products to imported ones unlike textiles industry in which the situation is adverse. It is concluded that failure of local manufacturers to meet local market demand led to customers shifting to imported products. It is found that in competition with foreign firms, local firms have the advantage of adapting strategies to their local market segment for cigarettes and cement industries; however, the prevailing situation for textiles industry is adverse. The existed situation differs from one manufacturing sector to another and that customers in each sector prefer attributes other than those of other manufacturing sector. Many recommendations were proposed based upon the findings, discussions, and conclusions for marketing strategies for Sudanese manufacturing industry in facing the challenges of globalizations. Such recommendations include rehabilitation programs, modernization, adoption of clear strategies, raising adequate funds, carrying serious marketing researches considering morale aspects of employees, the government has to encourage investors, managers should be awaken to the coming challenges of globalization, and to focus on customer relationship marketing (CRM), further future researches to be carried out. مستخلص الدراسة نبعت هذه الدراسة من الإهتمام المتزايد لقطاع التصنيع المحلى فى السودان فى مواجهة مخاطر وتحديات حقبة العولمة . التسويق الإستراتيجى لقطاع التصنيع السودانى فى مواجهة تحديات العولمة كان هو عنوان هذه الدراسة . بدأت هذه الدراسة بتحديد المشكلة التى تمثلت فى ضعف الطاقة الإنتاجية فى قطاع التصنيع فى السودان والمستويات المتدنية للأداء ، بالإضافة إلى المهددات الناجمة من منافسة السلع المستوردة للمنتجات المحلية . كذلك فإن مشكلة إزدياد الطاقة غير المستغلة تهدد جهود التسويق والتى تلقى بظلالها على تسعير المنتجات ، هذا الوضع سيضعف من الموقف التنافسى للمنشآت التى تصنع السلع فى السودان . هذه المشاكل تحتاج إلى الإهتمام بها وإزالة كافة المعوقات التى تعترض قطاع التصنيع السودانى ، وتمكين هذا القطاع من تبنى الإستراتيجيات والخطط التسويقية بكفاءة وفعالية لمواجهة تحديات حقبة العولمة . سعت هذه الدراسة لتحقيق خمسة أهداف ، والتى إهتمت بمعرفة نقاط الضعف والمهددات التى تواجه المنشآت الصناعية فى السودان ، بالإضافة إلى معرفة نقاط القوة والفرص لإستغلال الطاقة الإنتاجية بطريقة أفضل ، كذلك بلورة إستراتيجيات وخطط والتوصية بها ليتمكن من تحسين مستوى الأداء ، فض ً لا عن البحث عن أسباب فشل المنشآت الصناعية فى تبنى وإدخال برامج التحديث والتطوير ، وأخيرًا تحسين الميزة التنافسية لقطاع التصنيع فى السودان من خلال التوصية بالإجراءات التصحيحية المناسبة لمشاكل هذا القطاع حتى يتمكن من مواجهة تحديات العولمة والإنضمام إلى منظمة التجارة العالمية . لمعرفة مسببات المشكلة تمت صياغة وتطوير ستة فروض أولها ، ضعف الطاقة الإنتاجية المستغلة يقود إلى إرتفاع التكلفة والذى بدوره يضعف من الموقف التنافسى ، ثانيًا ، المديرون فى المنشآت الصناعية السودانية لا يدركون أهمية التخطيط الإستراتيجى ، ثالثًا ، المستهلكون فى السودان يفضلون المنتجات المستوردة مقارنة مع المنتجات المحلية ، رابعًا ، فشل بعض قطاعات التصنيع المحلى فى مقابلة الطلب أدى إلى تحول العملاء إلى المنتجات المستوردة ، خامسًا بالمقارنة مع المنشآت الأجنبية لدى المنشآت المحلية ميزة لتبنى الإستراتيجيات لقطاعاتها السوقية المحلية ؛ أخيرًا المستهلكون فى السودان يفضلون مزايا السعر عن مزايا الجودة ، الوفرة ، والمكانة الإجتماعية . نظمت هذه الدراسة فى ثمانية فصول على النحو التالى : مقدمة ، إستعراض الأدبيات ، نظرة عامة عن قطاع التصنيع فى السودان ، منهجية الدراسة ، النتائج ، التحليل والمناقشة للقطاعات الثلاثة المختارة وهى صناعة السجائر ، صناعة الأسمنت وصناعة النسيج كلٍ فى فصل ، وأخيرًا ملخص الدراسة ، الخاتمة والتوصيات ، على التوالى . غطت هذه الدراسة الأدبيات ذات الصلة بموضوع البحث ، مثل التحليل الظرفى ، التجزئة والإستهداف وتثبيت الصورة الذهنية ، الميزة التنافسية ، إستراتيجيات التسويق ، العولمة وإستراتيجياتها ، العومحلية ، المحلية ، الكفاءة ، الأسواق المناسبة وتحليل الطلب السوقى ، مراكز الشراء ، دوران المستهلكين ، الرغبة والقدرة على الشراء وأخيرًا تسويق علاقات العملاء . ثم دلفت الدراسة لإلقاء نظرة عامة عن قطاع التصنيع فى السودان بالتركيز على إستراتيجيات هذا القطاع فى الماضى والحاضر والمستقبل . تم إستخدام العينة الطبقية والعينة العشوائية البسيطة لتحديد حجم العينة من مجتمع يقدر ب 832,828 نسمة موزعين على ثمانية مهن كلٍ منها إعتبرت كطبقة أحيانًا بإجراء بعض % التعديلات . أُعتمد فى ذلك على التعداد السكانى لعام 1993 بعد تعديله بإعتماد نسبة 2.6 ، كمعدل نمو سكانى وفق الجهاز المركزى للإحصاء . وعليه كان حجم العينة 266 ، 416 144 و 100 مستجوب لحالة السجائر ، الأسمنت ، النسيج ، والمديرين على التوالى . تم إستخدام أسلوب الإستبانة والمقابلة لجمع بيانات الدراسة . تم إستخدام برنامج الحزم الإحصائية للعلوم الإجتماعية لتحليل البيانات . تم التوصل إلى أن ضعف الطاقة الإنتاجية المستقلة يقود إلى إرتفاع التكلفة والذى بدوره يضعف من الموقف التنافسى . أما بالنسبة للمديرين فى المنشآت الصناعية فتم التوصل إلى أنهم لا يدركون أهمية التخطيط الإستراتيجى وبالتالى لا توجد ثمة إعتبارات جادة لمواجهة تحديات حقبة العولمة . بالنسبة لصناعة السجائر والأسمنت تم الوصول إلى أن المستهلكين فى هذه القطاعات الصناعية يفضلون المنتجات المحلية بينما فى صناعة النسيج فالمستهلكون يفضلون الأقمشة المستوردة . كذلك خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى أن المنتجين المحلييين فشلوا فى الوفاء بإحتياجات السوق المحلية مما قاد بالمستهلكين إلى التحول إلى المنتجات المستوردة . خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى أن صناعتى السجائر والأسمنت لديهما ميزة لتبنى وتطبيق إستراتيجياتهما على قطاعات السوق المحلية مقارنة مع شركات السجائر والأسمنت الأجنبية . بينما هذا الوضع معكوس تمامًا بالنسبة لصناعة النسيج ، حيث إن الشركات الأجنبية هى التى لها الميزة فى تبنى إستراتيجيات تناسب قطاعات السوق المحلية ، وليست مصانع النسيج المحلية والتى تفتقر لمثل هذه الميزات . خلال هذه الدراسة تم الوصول إلى خلاصة مفادها أن الوضع الراهن لتفضيلات مستهلكى السلع فى السودان تتفاوت وتتأرجح ما بين ميزات السعر ، الجودة ، الوفرة والمكانة الإجتماعية من قطاع إلى آخر وليست هناك قاعدة عامة . تم تقديم العديد من التوصيات إعتمادًا على النتائج ، النقاش والخاتمة ، هذه التوصيات تضمنت ضرورة تبنى برامج إستحداث لقطاع التصنيع السودانى ، إستنهاض وخلق التمويل اللازم ، القيام ببحوث تسويق جادة ، مراعاة النواحى المعنوية للعاملين فى قطاع التصنيع فى السودان، تشجيع الحكومة السودانية للمستثمرين ، إيقاظ وتنبيه المديرين فى السودان بمخاطر العولمة ، فض ً لا عن ضرورة التركيز على التسويق عن طريق علاقات العملاء وأخيرًا تكثيف الدراسات المستقبلية لتغطية العديد من النواحى التى تحتاج إلى بحث علمى .
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    Impact Of Some Defects In Sudanese Sheep And Goat Skins On Leather Quality
    ( 2006) Abaker, Abdelbasit Bashir Habib ; Department of Meat Production
    This study was conducted to identify some of ante-mortem and postmortem surface defects in Sudanese raw sheep and goat skins and to evaluate the effect of some of these defects on some of the key physical properties of the leather produced. The effect of finishing process on covering some of the ante-mortem defects has been also investigated. To achieve the above sited objectives an extensive survey of the production of Sudanese wet-blue sheep and goat skins was carried out in Khartoum tannery during the year 2004. The total production of about 400,000 sheep skins and 360,000 goat skins was screened to examine the surface defects of the raw stock and the latter was compared with the final sorting out of the wet-blue stock. 60,039 pieces of sheep skins and 186,803 of goat skins were examined during the period June-November 2004. At the final stage about twenty pieces of the highly defected skins were finished to assess the covering effect of the finishing process. The results showed that there was a discrepancy between the sorting out of the raw and wet-blue stock. The former gave 81% of higher graded while the latter gave 64% only of the same, this indicates that selection after tannage is more realistic than in raw. The post-mortem defects in raw sheep skins were 80.2% compared with 19.80% ante-mortem defects. For goat skins the post-mortem defects were about 90.05% compared with 9.95% ante-mortem defects. ix The results indicated that most of the ante-mortem defects disappear duringthe tannage, re-tannage and finishing operations. However some defects remain visible and the major problem is caused by some of the postmortem defects such as holes caused by flay cuts and grain damage due to putrefaction. This leads to a decrease in some key physical properties of the produced leathers such as tensile strength, break load and elongation due to the damage caused by those surface defects. It is concluded that if the post-mortem defects are eliminated the quality of produced leather coul