Department of Agronomy

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    Effect of Sowing Methods, Nitrogen Levels and Seed Rates on Yield and quality of Fodder maize (Zea mays L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 1997) Betram Gardon Koul ; Awad Osman Abu Swar ; El Toum El Sadig Ali ; Agronomy
    Field experiments were carried out during 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture , Shambat to investigate the effect of sowing method, seed rate and nitrogen level on growth, yield and nutritive value of fodder maize ( Zea mays L.). The two methods of sowing were sowing on the top of ridge (M1) and sowing on the bottom of ridge (M2). The nitrogen levels were 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/feddan in the form of urea (46% N) applied at sowing before the first irrigation. The seed rates of 40, 60 and 80 kg/feddan were used. The results revealed that sowing method had no effect on all growth attributes i.e. plant population, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area and stem diameter. Similarity the yield and nutritive composition of forage were not affected by the sowing method. Significant increase in plant population, fresh and dry matter yield under higher seed rate was obtained. Lower seed rate resulted in an increase in plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, and stem diameter. Crude protein and crude fibre content were slightly affected by seed rate. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer increased significantly plant height, leaf area, number of leaves per plant and stem diameter. Increase in growth attributes of forage maize due to nitrogen resulted in increase in forage yield in terms of green and dry matter. Increase in the rate of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in an increase in crude protein content. It was also noticed that crude fibre content was influenced by nitrogen. Nitrogen X seed rate interaction for plant height, stem diameter fresh and dry forage yield was detected during two seasons which indicate that response to nitrogen depend on the seed rate.
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    Effect Of Seed Rate And Nitrogen On Growth And Yield Of Teff Grass (Eragrostis Teff (Zucc.)Trotter
    (University of Khartoum, 2004) Murtada Yousef Adam ; Awad O. Abusuwar ; Agronomy
    A field experiment was conducted during the season (2003/2004) in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat in order to study the effects of seeding rate and nitrogen rates on growth and yield of Teff forage Eragrostis teff (Zucc.) Trotter. The treatments consisted of three seed rates (2,4, and 6kg/fed) and three nitrogen levels (0, 40, and 80kg N/ha). Urea (46% N) was used as the source of nitrogen. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that seed rates significantly increased plant population, while nitrogen significantly increased number of leaves per plant. Both seed rate and nitrogen did not affect plant height and number of tillers per plant significantly. Seed rates and nitrogen affected green and dry forage yield but were not significant. Seed rates and nitrogen significantly increased crude protein and crude fiber. Minerals (P, K, Mg and Ca) were not significantly affected by seed rates. Nitrogen application caused significant decreases and increases in P and K respectively, while it had no effect on Ca and Mg contents.
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    Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on the Performance Of Three Sugarbeet (Beta Vulgaris.L) Cultivars
    (University of Khartoum, 2015) Marwa El-ngrashi Mustafa ; Tag Eldin Elsheikh Musa Hago ; Agronomy
    A field experiment was carried out for one season (2004 – 2005) in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Shambat to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the growth and yield of three sugar beet (Beta vulgaris.L) cultivars under irrigation. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments were nitrogen (0-100-200 kg N /ha) designated as (N0, N1, N2), phosphorus (0-100 kg P2 O5/ha) designated as (P0, P1) and three sugar beet cultivars Tomba, Possada and Monza Designated as (CV1, CV2, CV3) respectively. The results showed that nitrogen applications tend to increase in leaf number, leaf area index shoot and root dry weigh but the effect was not significant. Phosphorus application also led to increase in growth attributes. Addition of nitrogen had positive effect on roots weigh /plot and root yield /ha .but the effect was not significant. Also phosphorus application on sugar beet cultivars had no significant effect on root weigh /plot and roots yield /ha but had negative effect on sugar content (pol%) . Nitrogen and phosphors fertilizer lead to positive effect on brix % fiber %, and purity % of juice and increase nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content on roots. Nitrogen and phosphorus application tend to increase moisture content in root. Moreover, interactions between the treatments were not significant.
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    Effect of Water Harvesting and Spreading Techniques on Agricultural Development and Environmental Stability in Northern Kordofan State, Sudan.
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-26) Mohammed Osman Abbaker Goma ; Awad Osman Abu Suwar ; Agronomy
    Effect of Water Harvesting and Spreading Techniques on Agricultural Development and Environmental Stability in Dry lands- North Kordofan State-Sudan This study was conducted in North Kordofan State (period from February 2007 to March 2008). The research aims to evaluate some effects of the techniques on agricultural development and an environmental stability in dry lands of the study area, in order to explore the potential role of sustainable adoption of WH techniques and their contribution to reduce the adverse impacts of lands degradation and desertification, the effect of concentrated grazing and overstocking around water points, in order to know the environmental value of WH which include: protection from seasonal floods, reducing epidemic diseases, improving health conditions. Social value: rural areas development, creating job opportunities, population stability, poverty and hunger alleviation, improving living standard, minimizing displacement to cities and urban centers. Economical value: agricultural development in traditional agriculture areas by increasing production and productivity, improving livestock and forestry through rational use of natural resources particularly land and water, encourage investment which ultimately lead to increase the National economics. In addition to the strategic value to ensure the utilization of seasonal water sources, contribution to food and water security for both human and animal in the area, and finally providing different financial sources to support Sudan development programmes. Moreover, to identify the best methods that contribute towards better utilization and conservation of natural resources and the problem associated with it. Some methods were used to collect data, namely the primary data through reconnaissance, questionnaire, observation, group discussion, personal interviews, photographing, official records and reports. In addition to the vegetation and soil moisture content measurements, which covered five selected sites (Errahad turda, Elain dam, Elgenainya fula, Elobeid dam and Elayara hafir) for practical field measurements. The results showed that these techniques have very effective role and a great contribution to reduce the causes of desertification and their negative impacts (85.6%), improving rangelands(83.1%), increasing crop production( 97.6%), forests and natural resources conservation (94%), food and water security (86.7%), livestock and agricultural insurance (96.4%), socioeconomic status improvement for farmers and pastoralists (96.4%) and ultimately rural areas stability and development (87.5%), as explained by the majority of the respondents. On the other XIX hand, the results of vegetation and soil moisture measurements showed that the vegetation cover have been exposed to various degrees of degradation which led to appearance of high amounts of unpalatable plant species around water points, resulting from overgrazing. Soil moisture content parameters showed that all treated sites (around water points), have recorded higher percentages than untreated sites as control, the plant composition index were; 89.6% in Errahad, 72% in Elain, 87.6% in Elgenainya, 78.6% in Elobeid dam and 81% in Elayara compared to the control. Plant density index were; 44.8 in Errahad, 36 in Elain, 43.8 in Elgenainya, 39.3 in Elobeid and 40.5 in Elayara. Forage density index were; 33.3 in Errahad, 29 in Elain, 20.5 in Elgenainya, 25.3 in Elobeid and 24.5 in Elayara compared to the control. Ground cover percentages were; 56.3% in Errahad, 72.5% in Elain, 63.8% in Elgenainya, 85% in Elobeid and 35% in Elayara compared to the control. Soil moisture content; ranged from (18% to 43.8%) at depth 30 cm, and from (30% to 55.5 %), at depth 60 cm for all sites, compared to mean of control sites (13.4% and 24.6%), respectively. Plant diversity within five sites was estimated as palatable (64.3% to 78.6%), and unpalatable (21.4% to 35.7%), respectively. The main problems and constraints confronting the sustainability of water harvesting techniques and their adopted project in the area of the study are the followings: limitation of finance, machinery, equipment and tools, mismanagement, weakness in coordination and cooperation system, absence of adequate studies and lack of applied research, weakness in (conception, initiation, maintenance, operation, monitoring, and evaluation), in addition to the wrong design and unsustainable activities, and the absence of active extension programmes. The results stated that the WH techniques still as one of the important tools for seasonal rainwater resources( valleys, natural plains) management for the different purposes of use such as; drinking water and for domestic use, agriculture and it is important for maintenance; buildings, infrastructure(roads, railway) and agricultural schemes from runoff and floods and consequently support the rational use for natural resources to ensure the future of sustainable development in the whole country. Moreover, the adoption of techniques has not represented any danger or damages on that area. The level of participation of local communities in the activities of the project is described as very good; this reflects the potentiality of the project in mobilizing the local community for the adoption of the different activities. The study arrived to valuable conclusions and necessary recommendations, which is considered as useful and possible to use as base for the further studies
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    Appraisal Of The Water Quality Of The Blue Nile, The White Nile And The Main River Nile For Irrigation Use
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-27) Nagla Kamal Eldeen Elkhalifa ; Mukhtar Ahmed Mustafa
    The study was undertaken in Khartoum State, which lies between latitudes 15° 8` - 16° 39` N and longitudes 31° 36` - 34° 25` E, in the semi – desert tropics. Water samples were collected from the River Nile at Shambat bridge, the White Nile at Fetaehab bridge and the Blue Nile at Mak-Nimir bridge. They were obtained at the same day of each month for one year from March – 2008 to February – 2009. The objective of the study was the estimation of the water quality indices for the three Niles and appraisal of the water quality of the River Nile and its two main tributaries for irrigation use. The measurements of water quality parameters (pH, ECW, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, CO3 -2, HCO3 -, SO4 -2 ) were carried out. The USSL (1954) classification system revealed that the three Niles water salinity, as represented by ECW and SAR ranged from C1 – S1 (low salinity – low sodicity) class to C2 – S1 (medium salinity – low sodicity) class. Eight percent of the Blue Nile water samples belonged to the C1 – S1 class and 92 % belonged to C2 – S1 class. Sixty seven percent of the White Nile water samples belonged to the C1 – S1 class and 33 % belonged to C2 – S1 class. Fifty eight percent of the River Nile water samples belonged to C1 – S1 class and 42 % belonged to C2 – S1 class. Ca-Mg was the dominant cation class and Cl=CO3 was the dominant anion class. All water samples of the River Nile and its two tributaries gave low sodium hazard for the twelve months. The RSC values for all water samples, in all months, were negative indicating absence of carbonate hazard. The Langelier saturation index values for 83% of the water samples of the River Nile and its two tributaries were negative indicating dissolution of carbonate from water. All these results indicate that the River Nile and its two tributaries have good quality water for irrigation.
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    Effect Of Water Quantities And Weeding On The Vegetative Growth And Yield Of Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-05) Gaffar Mohamed Betek ; Mahmoud Fadl El Mula Ahmed ; Agronomy
    The effect of three water quantities (400 mm, 500mm, 600mm) and three hand weedings on vegetative growth and yield of sunflower (hybrid Hysun 33), was investigated in season 2000/2001, in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat. The results showed that water quantity has no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per plant, shoot dry weight, relative turgidity, number and weight of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, percentage of empty seeds , nor on the final yield. However, increased water quantity significantly increased stem and disc diameter, leaf area index and oil percentage. Weeding did not affect plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000seed weight, harvest index, percentage of empty seeds, oil percentage, nor the final yield. However, weeding significantly affected stem diameter, shoot dry weight, relative turgidity, leaf area index and weight of seeds per plant
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    Genetic Variability In Some Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes Under Different Levels Of Drought And during Different Growth Stages
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-07) Amel Adam Mohammed ; Awadalla Abdalla Abdelmula ; Agronomy
    Twenty two faba bean genotypes were tested under five water treatments over two locations, Shambat and Hudeiba, during season 2001/02, to estimate the amount of genetic variability, heritability, correlations for drought tolerance parameters(Yw, Yd, Yd/Yw, GMP and SSI (in faba beans under different levels of water stresses. Moreover, the correlations between yield, its components and other traits and yield stability were determined. The water treatments used were watering every 7-days (D0), water stress using intervals of 14-days during vegetative and flowering stage (D1) and pod filling stage (D3), water stress using intervals of 21-days during vegetative and flowering stage (D2) and pod filling stage (D4). Split plot design with three replications was used. The induction of stress was severe enough to create significant differences under most of water treatments, except D3 which had been of less effect. Significant differences for most of the traits were found among the twenty two genotypes. Heritability exhibited wide range of variation. The highest heritability and genetic advance were recorded for 100-seed weight. Significant positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations were found for seed yield/plant with number of podded nodes/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and harvest index. Genetic variability and heritability are reduced with increase in drought severity. Severe drought as in D2 and D4 treatments decreased the genetic variability greatly compared with D1 and D3. Heritability of drought tolerance parameters increased under non-severe water stresses, which could be atrributed to the increase in genetic variability. Tolerant genotypes during vegetative and flowering could also be tolerant during pod filling based on mild water stress. However, under severe water stress tolerant genotypes under vegetative and flowering could not be tolerant during pod filling. Correlations between yield under the different water stresses treatments differ according to the severity of drought (D1 and D3). Positive and significant correlation was observed with less drought, and negative and non-significant when drought was severe (D2 and D4). The genotypes that possess drought tolerance and high yield stability were D.E.2 under D1, Berber1 under D2, Mass55 under D3, and C.52/1/1 under D4. The high stability and drought tolerance proved that these genotypes are better adapted to drought stress and can be used to improve faba bean drought tolerance
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    Effect of Watering Intervals And Planting Density On The Performance of SunFlower (Helianthus Annuus L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-07) Badr Eldin Abd Elgadir Moh.Ahmed ; Faisal Elgasim Ahmed ; Agronomy
    أجريت تجربة حقلية لمدة موسمين متتالين 2001/02 و2002/03 بالمزرعة التجريبية لكلية الزراعة بشمبات ( السودان). صممت التجربة لدراسة تأثير ثلاث فترات للري و أربعة أنواع من الكثافة النباتية علي مظهر نبات زهرة الشمس الهجين (هايسن 33) .زرعت البذور علي مسافات 10،20،30 و40 سم ورويت النباتات كل 7، 14 و21 يوم. الصفات تحت الدراسة شملت كل من مؤشرات النمو (طول النبات ،عدد العقد بالنبات، طول السلامية ن قطر الساق ، عدد الأوراق بالنبات ،دليل مساحة الورقة والوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري) و مؤشرات التكاثر (عدد الأيام حتي50% من الأزهار و النضج الفسيولوجي) ومؤشرات الإنتاجية ( قطر القرص، عدد البذور بالقرص،وزن الـ1000حبة ، نسبة البذور الفارغة و إنتاجية البذور والزيت). النتائج أوضحت أن زيادة فترة الري أدت معنوياً إلي تقليل معظم القياسات في هذه الدراسة ما عدا نسبة البذور الفارغة بالقرص ، وبالمثل فإن زيادة الكثافة النباتية أدت معنوياً إلي تقليل معظم القياسات المذكورة سابقاً ما عدا إنتاجية الزيت في وحدة المساحة تحت كل معاملات الري. لم يلاحظ أي فرق معنوي لتداخل معاملات فترات الري والكثافة النباتية في الصفات المقاسة في هذه الدراسة . في الختام ، نتج من الدراسة أن نباتات زهرة الشمس حساسة لزيادة طول فترة الري و أن الزيادة في إنتاجية البذور و الزيت للقرص تحت الكثافة النباتية المنخفضة لم يكن كافياً لتعويض الفاقد في كثافة الأقراص تحت الكثافة النباتية العالية .
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    Effects of different irrigation water quantities and seasonal variation on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-12) Ahmed Khalid Ahmed Shouk ; Mahmoud Fadl El Mula Ahmed ; Agronomy
    A field experiment was conducted in the Gezira scheme, north-west group, Sudeira Block No. 43, AbuZimam extension, for four successive seasons in the years 1999,2000,2001 and 2002, aiming to study the effect of different irrigation water quantities (300,400, 500, 600, and 700 mm) and seasonal variation on growth and yield of two sunflower cultivars (Rodeo and Hysun33). The treatments were arranged in split-plot design with four replicates. Vegetative growth attributes, root growth, yield and yield components, harvest index, seed oil content and fatty acid composition were examined. Leaf turgidity, soil moisture content and water use efficiency were calculated. Irrigation water quantities and seasonal variations had significant effects on all the parameters studied. There were varietal differences for growth parameter and yield and yield components.
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    Evaluation of some sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) inbred lines for yield and yield components
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-13) Omer Elsheikh Ahmed Ismail ; Abdel Wahab Hassan Abdalla ; Agronomy
    Twenty five sorghum inbred lines were evaluated in season (2003/2004), under irrigation at Shambat, in 5×5 partially balanced lattice design. Data were recorded on seven characters, seed yield and its component. In addition, phenotypic correlation coefficients between characters were estimated. Significant differences, for all studied characters were recorded among the twenty five inbred lines. High significant positive phenotypic correlation coefficient were obtained between number of seeds per head and seed yield per plant as well as seed yield per hectare. Also there was a high significant positive correlation coefficient between seed yield per plant and seed yield hectare. Plant height exhibit positive phenotypic correlation coefficient with 1000seed weight and seed yield per plant however, plant height had a non-significant phenotypic correlation coefficient with number of seed per head and seed yield per hectare. Also 1000-seed weight showed non-significant phenotypic correlation coefficient with number of seeds per head, seed yield per plant and seed yield per hectare.
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    Genetic Variability of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Yield and Some Vegetative Traits Under Drought at Different Growth Stages
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-14) Salih Adam Ibrahim Sabiel ; Awadalla Abdalla Abdelmula ; Agronomy
    This investigation was conducted at two locations, the Demonstration Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, at Shambat, and the Gezira Research Station Farm, at Medani, in one season (2003/2004). The objective was to determine the genetic variability for yield and vegetative traits of 15 maize genotypes under drought at different growth stages. The layout of the experiment was a split plot design with three replicates. Phenotypic and genotypic variances, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, genetic advance, phenotypic correlation coefficient between 19 traits, and phenotypic correlation between the drought tolerance parameters were estimated. Significant differences among genotypes were found for all traits, except days to 95% anthesis, stem diameter (45 days), leaf area index (30 and 60 days) and number of leaves/plant (45 days). Significant differences among water treatments were found for days to 25% silking, plant height and grain yield (kg/ha) at Medani. High genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance were exhibited by plant height. Grain yield was significantly and positively associated, at the phenotypic level, with plant height and stem diameter at 45 days, leaf area index and number of leaves/plant at 60 days. However, significantly and negatively association with days to (50% and 95%) silking was observed. The genotypes that possess drought tolerance were PR-2 under stress at vegetative stage, Z-2 under stress at reproductive stage and M-45 at both vegetative and reproductive stages.
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    Effect of Water Quantities & Intervals of Irrigation on Production &Sennoside Content of Senna makka (Cassia acutifolia L)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-17) Yasin Abdelrhman Makkawi Abdelrhman ; Mohmmoud F. Elmula Ahamed ; Agronomy
    -A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2003 / 2004) in the demonstration farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology at shambat. This study is conducted to test three levels of water ( 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity), and three irrigation intervals (7, 10, and 14 days) on yield and Sennoside content (Sennoside A&B) of Alexandrian senna (Cassia acutifolia L) during the period from 28th April to 21th August. Data recorded included plant height, number of branches / plant, leaf number / plant, leaf area, pod number / plant, fresh and dry weights, leaves yield, pods yield, percentage of Sennoside content of pod, Sennoside content of leaves at flowering stage, and after fruiting stage. The results showed that irrigation interval of 7 days increased significantly the vegetative growth over 10 days, and 14 days. Leaves yield after fruiting stage was 322.7, 306.9, and 251.6 kg / feddan during the first season, and 299.6, 287.3, and 220.7 kg / feddan during the second season, for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days. Interval of 7 days increased leaves yield after fruiting stage than intervals of 10, and 14 days by about (5.15%), (28.3 %) during the first seasen, and by about (4.3%), (36 %) during the second season. Water quantity of 90 % field capacity increased the vegetative growth significantly over quantities of 50 %, and 75 % of field capacity. Leaves yield after fruitng stage was 198.4, 290, and 392.9 kg / feddan during the first season, and 158.9, 275.3, and 372.9 kg / feddan, for quantities of 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity, water quantity of 90 % field capacity increased leaves yield after firuting stage than quantities of 50 %, and 75 % FC by about (98 %), and (30.4 %) during the first season, and by about (134.7 %), and (35.4 %) during the second season. Pod yield was 647.4, 560.3 and 356 kg / feddan during the first season, and 617.5, 475 and 312.8 kg / feddan during the second season for intervals of 7, 10 and 14 days.Interval of 7 days increased pod yield than intervals of 10 and 14 days by about (15.5 %) and (81.9 %) during the first season and by about (30 %) and (97.4 %) during the second season. Pod yield was 280.3, 548.4 and 735 kg / feddan during the first season and 232.7, 497.6 and 675 kg / feddan during the second season for quantities of 50 %, 75 % and 90 %. Water quantity of 90 % field capacity increased pod yield than quantities of 50 % and 75 % feld capacity by about (162.2 %) and (34 %) during the first season and by about (190.1 %) and (35.7 %) during the second season. The longer irrigation interval increased leaves Sennoside content at flowering, and after fruitng stages than shorter interval, leaves Sennoside content at flowering stage was 2.5 %, 2.68 % and 2.7 % during the first season and 2.42 %, 2.44 % and 2.65 % during the second season for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days, and after fruiting stage was 2.56 %, 2.24 % and 2.32 % during the first season, and was 2.32 %, 2.3 % and 2.3 % during the second season for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days. Pods Sennoside content was 5.35 %, 5.41 % and 5.46 % during the first season and was 5.07 %, 5.43 % and 5.35 % during the second season for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days. Results showed that the highest quantities of water decreased the percentage of Sennoside content on leaves, and pods. The Sennoside content of leaves at flowering stage was 2.56 %, 2.63 % and 2.7 % during the first season, and was 2.49 %, 2.52 % and 2.51 % during the second season, and after fruiting stage was 2.31 %, 2.27 % and 2.24 % during the first season, and was 2.42 %, 2.29 % and 2.21 % during the second season for quantities of 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity. Pods Sennoside content was 5.48 %, 5.46 % and 5.28 % during the first season, and was 5.51 %, 5.32 % and 5.04 % during the second season for quantities of 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity.
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    Genetic Variability for Yield and Yield Components of Some Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes Determined Under Drought at Different Growth Stages
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-17) Elfadil Mukhtar Adam ; Awadalla Abdalla Abdelmula ; Agronomy
    This study was carried out during the 2003/04 season at two different locations, Shambat and Medani, Sudan, to determine the genetic variability for yield and yield components of 15 maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes under three water treatments at different growth stages. The design used was split plot design with three replications, in which the water treatments were allocated in the main plots and the genotypes in the sub-plots. Phenotypic and genotypic variance, phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation, heritability (h2), genetic advance (GA), correlations coefficient between the different characters and the correlations between the drought tolerance parameters were determined. The results revealed that highly significant differences (P < 0.01) between water treatments were detected for most of the investigated traits. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the evaluated genotypes were found for most of the traits. The greatest GCV (13.6%) was recorded for lodging percentage and the lowest one (0.77%) was recorded for ear length. The highest estimates of h2 (69%) obtained for ear diameter and the lowest (11%) for ear length. Furthermore the largest (177.5%) GA was scored by grain yield/ha, while the lowest one (0.06%) was obtained for husk cover. Grain yield/plant exhibited significant positive associations with its components. The genotypes that possess drought tolerance were PR – 2 under drought at vegetative stage, Z – 2 under drought at reproductive stage and M – 45 at both vegetative and reproductive stages. These genotypes could be used further in breeding programs to improve drought tolerance in maize.
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    Genetic Evaluation Of Some Sudanese Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes Under Terminal Heat Stress
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-18) Ishraka Khamis Abuanja Issa ; Awadalla Abdalla Abdelmula ; Agronomy
    Heat stress is one of the abiotic stresses that affect and reduce yield productivity of faba bean. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of twenty-two faba ‎bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes under three different sowing dates for two ‎consecutive years (2001/02-2002/03) during the winter season, at Shambat (The Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum) to estimate the amount of genetic variability and heritability for heat tolerance ‎parameters (Yp, Y, Y/Yp and SSI) in faba bean for different dates of sowing. ‎Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between yield, yield components and ‎other vegetative traits and yield stability were determined. The sowing date treatments used were S1 (optimum), S2 (14 days), and S3 (28 days), the last two treatments were late sowing. Split-plot design was used with ‎three replications. The induced heat stress by delaying the sowing date was greatly severe enough ‎to cause significant variations among the treatments with light effect under ‎treatment S2 (14 days). Significant differences among the twenty-two genotypes of faba bean for most of the traits were found. The genetic variability was low and non-significant under ‎non-stress condition (Yp) than under stress conditions (YS2 or YS3), which ‎reduced the heritability of heat tolerance parameters. The genotypes x years ‎interaction variance was significant under non-stress environment (Yp). Heritability exhibited a wide range of variation, the highest heritability and genetic advance was recorded for 100-seed weight under treatment S2. Therefore, the genetic variability and heritability were reduced with increase in ‎heat severity when sowing date was delayed by 28 days (S3). Some genotypes tolerate slight heat stress, but become susceptible under severe heat stress and vice versa. Significant positive phenotypic correlation coefficients were obtained for seed yield/plant with its components: number of podded nodes/main stem and ‎number of pods/plant in both years. Such components were positively and highly significantly correlated with each other and negatively and highly significantly correlated with 100-seed weight in the second year. Also seed yield/plant was positively and significantly correlated with dry matter/plant, harvest index and plant height in both years. Positive and significant correlation of seed yield/plant ‎with 100-seed weight in the first year and with pod-setting percentage and seed yield (kg/ha) in the second year was observed. Under slight heat stress (S2), genotype C.52/1/1/1 was highly stable, gave the highest yield and moderately tolerant to heat stress, whereas under severe heat ‎stress (S3), genotypes C.52/1/1/1 and C.42 showed the highest yield, were highly stable and moderately tolerant to terminal heat stress. Therefore, such genotypes are better adapted to heat stress conditions and can be used to ‎improve faba bean heat tolerance.
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    Evaluation of Some Sunflower(Helianthus Annuus L.) HybridsUnder Irrigation
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-20) Salah Balla Mohamed Ahmed ; Abdel Wahab Hassan Abdalla ; Agronomy
    The experiment was carried out at two locations, Newhalfa and Rahad and for two seasons, at each location (2003/2004-2004/2005), to estimate the genetic variability among 20 locally generated sunflower hybrids and to determine the genotype x environment interaction, as well as to evaluate the stability of performance for the hybrids at the four environments. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used at each environment and data on 10 characters including yield and its components were collected. In all environments, significant differences among the evaluated hybrids were detected for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and seed yield / plant (g). The rest of the characters viz: plant height (cm), stem and head diameter (cm), number of seeds / head, percentage of empty seeds, 1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield (t/ha) revealed significant differences among the hybrids in a specific environment, but the same characters showed non - significant differences at another environment. The combined analysis was carried out for those characters with homogenous error variance viz: number of seeds / head, percentage of empty seeds, 1000-seed weight (g) seed yield / plant (g) and seed yield (t/ha).The genotype x season was only significant for 1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield (t/ha) and genotype x location was significant for 1000-seed weight (g) seed yield / plant (g) and seed yield (t/ha), whereas, genotype x season x location was only significant for 1000-seed weight (g).The analysis of genotype x environment interaction for 1000-seed weight (g) seed yield / plant (g) and seed yield (t/ha) showed that, the major part of the variance was ultimately due to non-linear components rather than the linear ones. The overall ranking of the 20 hybrids for yield and its components according to stability parameters (regression coefficient =bi, deviation from regression line ==540;2d and Wricke ecovalence = Wi), showed that, Salih was the most top hybrid followed by Ka99x18, Ka99x7, Ka99x41 and Ka99x29, whereas, Ka99x22 was the last ranked hybrid, above which was Ka99x32 and Hysun33. Two hybrids Salih and Ka99x 17 were stable for yield and its components under favorable environment, whereas, Ka99x25-2 was the stable hybrid under unfavorable conditions. However, the graphical presentation of the regression line for yield and its components revealed that, the locally generated hybrids (Salih and Shambat6) were stable hybrids, whereas, the introduced hybrid Hysun 33 was unstable for yield and its components under our local environment and its yield was only increased with improving the conditions.
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    Evaluation of Some Lines of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench) for Hybrids Production in the Sudan
    (University of khartoum, 2015-05-21) Atif Elsadig Idris ; Awadalla Abdalla Abdelmula ; Agronomy
    Five exotic cytoplasmic male sterile lines were crossed with four fertile local inbred lines (testers) of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). The nine parental lines and their 20 F1 hybrids were evaluated under irrigation at three locations, Shambat 1, Shambat 2 and Omdoum during seasons 2002 and 2003. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fourteen different traits were measured including yield, quality and growth traits. Phenotypic and genotypic variances, phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variation, heritability (h2), phenotypic correlations between different traits, absolute (AbH) and relative (RH%) heterosis were estimated. General and specific combining abilities for different traits for parental lines were determined. Significant differences (P =603; 0.05) were observed between genotypes and genotypes × location interaction for most of the combined traits in parental lines and F1 hybrids. The parental lines exhibited high phenotypic and genotypic variances than their F1 hybrids for most of the traits. Heritability estimates in the parental lines were slightly higher than in F1 hybrids. Fresh and dry weights scored low estimates of broad sense heritability in both parental lines and their F1 hybrids. Fresh and dry weights in both parental lines and F1 hybrids showed significant and positive phenotypic correlation with most of growth traits at the three locations. Days to 50% flowering and most of quality traits exhibited negative phenotypic correlations with fresh and dry weights at the three locations. For relative heterosis (RH%), the genotypic variation was significant for most of the traits. The F1 hybrids surpassed their parents in most of the traits. About 80% of the F1 hybrids outyielded their parents in fresh and dry weights. The F1 hybrids were earlier than parental lines in flowering. The results revealed the predominance of additive gene effect in controlling most of the traits. For fresh weight, the combined estimates revealed that tester Abu70 and line KEN16.A were the best combiners among males and females, respectively. On the other hand, hybrid Abu70 × TX623.A scored the highest SCA effect among hybrids.
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    Genetic Studies of Pearl Millet (Pennisteum Glaucum L.) Under Water Stress at Different Growth Stages
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-21) Atif Ibrahim AbuAli Mohy Eldin ; Awadalla Abdalla Abdelmula ; Agronomy
    Fifteen pearl millet genotypes were tested under four levels of water treatments at two locations (ELRawakeeb 2003/04 and Shambat 2004/05), to estimate the genetic variability and heritability for drought tolerance in pearl millet and to determine the correlation between yield, its components and other traits as well as to identify the most yield stable genotype under drought stress condition. Split – plot design with three replications was used. Four levels of water stress were used in the main – plot, namely; normal irrigation every 7 days (W0), irrigation every 14 days during vegetative stage (W1), irrigation every 14 days during filling stage (W2) and irrigation every 14 days throughout the vegetative and grain filling stage (W3).The genotypes were used in sub plots. At all locations, significant differences among the evaluated genotypes were detected for all studied characters. The combined analysis revealed highly significant variation due to genotypes and genotypes x location interaction for most of the studied characters. A wide range of genetic variability was detected among genotypes for drought tolerance. Yield and yield components were significantly reduced by water stress. Whereas, the water stress during grain filling stage had small effect on yield and its components. Estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation exhibited narrow range while the estimates of heritability exhibited wide range of variation. Grain yield/ plant exhibited strong positive phenotypic and genotypic correlation with some yield components and it has negative correlation with days to 50 % flowering, date to maturity and dead part length. There was positive and significant correlation between grain yield under drought condition (Yd) and grain yield under normal condition (Yw). Whereas, the association between drought tolerance (Yd/Yw) with Yw was negative. The path analysis reflected that the fertile tillers per plant had highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant, followed by number of seeds per head and 1000–seed weight. The genotypes exhibited significant variation for stability as measured by (regression coefficient (bi), deviation from regression line (S2đ). The genotypes Madelkawiyia, JM36, and JM38 showed high yield and high stability therefore, these genotypes could be recommended for improvement of pearl millet under drought conditions.
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    Effect Of Watering Interval And Nitrogen On Growth and Yield Of Sunflower
    ( University of khartoum , 2015-06-14) Hager Abdallah Abdallah Abdel Gadir ; Mahmoud Fadel Mula ; Agronomy
    A field experiment was conducted for one season (2005) in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of agriculture at Shambat (U.K.). The experiment was designed to study the effects of three watering intervals and three levels of nitrogen on the performance of a sunflower hybrid (Shambat). The seeds were sown at constant space, the plants were irrigated every 7, 14, 21 and different levels nitrogen 0, 50 and 100 kg/feddan were applied at sowing. Characters studied include: growth attributes (plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, leaf area index and shoot dry weight), phonological attributed (number of days to 50% flowering) and yield attributes (head diameter, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight, percentage of empty seeds and seeds yield/ha). The results showed that prolong watering interval had significantly decreased some of the parameters measured in this study, such as (shoot dry weight of the sample taken at 75 days after sowing, number of leaves per plant, plant height and leaf area index). No significant differences in the stem diameter were observed. Analysis of variance showed significant difference in the yield attributes (1000-weight seed, seed yield). But head diameter, weight of seed per head percentage of empty seeds had no significant difference. No significant interaction due to watering intervals and nitrogen levels were observed in the characters measured.
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    Effect of Water Quantities and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    (University of khartoum, 2015-06-14) Elsadig Ali Mohammed Hamouda ; Mahmoud F. Ahmed ; Agronomy
    A study was carried out for one year in the field to investigate the effects of four water quantities, applied at a fixed interval (7 days) and two levels of spacing, on the growth and yield of groundnut cultivar Wad Medani. A second objective was to determine the efficiency of water use (amount of water use produced one unite of dry matter ). Increased water quantities increased the attributes of vegetative and reproductive growth such as plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area index, relative turgidity, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, final yield and water use efficiency. Number of leaves per plant, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds/ pod and shelling percentage were not affected by water quantities. Reduced spacing increased both vegetative and reproductive growth such as plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area index, relative turgidity of leaves, number of pods / plant, 100- seed weight and final yield. Both shoot dry weight, number of seeds/ pod and shelling percentage were not affected by spacing. The yield components(particularly number of pods/ plant, and 100-seed weight) and final yield were mostly affected by both water quantities and spacing.
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    Performance of Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) under Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation. Khartoum State, Sudan.
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-15) Abdel Latif Yousif Idris ; Abdel Mohsin Hassan El Nadi
    Abstract A field experiment was conducted during the period of February 2007 to April 2010 in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat to study the performance of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) under drip and sprinkler irrigation. The treatments were two irrigation intervals of eight and twelve days (W1 and W2, respectively) and two irrigation systems (drip and sprinkler). The daily rate of water application was 8 mm. Therefore, the amount/irrigation was 64 and 96 mm for W1 and W2 respectively. The irrigation treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The crop was cut at monthly intervals. The measured parameters were fresh and dry weights of the fodder, leaf/stem ratio and the actual water used by the crop (Etcrop) between two successive cuts. The calculated values were crop water use efficiency (WUE), field water use efficiency (FWUE), the crop factor (kc) and crop water stress index (CWSI). The results showed that the fresh and dry weights and leaf/stem ratio under W1 were greater than those under W2 for both irrigation systems, with superiority of these parameters under drip irrigation. Etcrop values under W1 with drip irrigation increased from the early growing months (February) reached maximum during July and decreased gradually during September. Etcrop for the eight months were 2422, 240 and 241 mm during 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. WUE and FWUE under W1 with drip irrigation were always higher (0.21 and 8.19 ton ha-1 cm-1) than those of W2 with sprinkler irrigation (0.17 and 6.81 ton ha-1 cm-1). The crop was more efficient in using irrigation water during the cool period (January to March), and its efficiency declined during July to August every year. The highest value for the crop factor (1.33) was during early April to late June with decreasing values during mid July to mid August. The results showed that temperature over lucerne crop irrigated every eight days was always lower than that over bare ground near the crop. The air temperature over the crop decreased immediately after irrigation, compared to the temperature before irrigation. The crop water stress index (CWSI) indicates whether the crop was under water stress or otherwise. Irrigation every eight days did not result in water stress but under irrigation every 12 days the crop was water stressed during the time of measurement. The simultaneous measurements and calculated values are considered additional knowledge for irrigation scheduling