Institute of Environmental Studies

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    Chaetodontidae as indicator of survival of Abu Hashish corals, Red Sea.
    (University of Khartoum, 2003-10) Sheikh Eldin Mohamed Elamin Elnaeim ; Zuheir Nour Eldayem ; Environmental Studies
    The Red Sea is one of the warmest and saline seas on the earth (Wary, 1979). The marine fauna of the Red Sea in the Indian Ocean region is unique in that it has many indigenous species. More than 10 percent of its fishes are confined, as species or sub-species, to the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (Randall,1992).
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    The Causes and Consequences of Deforestation on Woodlands Production in the Central Clay Plains of the Sudan A Case Study of Er Renk Area
    (University of Khartoum, 2005) Timothy Thwol Onak ; Mustafa Mohamed Suliman ; Environmental Sciences
    The case study concerns causes and consequences of deforestation on the central clay plains woodlands production of Er Renk Area (Sudan). It was conducted in the year 2004 and to cover study period: 1983 – 2003. The study aimed at identifying the causes of deforestation, by assessing both ecological and environmental consequences of the phenomenon. It was based on compiled vegetation cover maps and the detection impacts of changes; charcoal production is statistics; annual field crop yields and a selection of climatic parameters. Several methods were used and adopted which included:- 1. An analysis of spatial and temporal data comprising of vegetation cover imageries (TM satellite 1990 and AFRICOVER, 2003). 2. An evaluation of the magnitude of charcoal production within the area. 3. An analysis of climate elements: mean annual rainfall, mean relative humidity, air temperature, and drought indices. 4. An analysis of field crop yield versus climate elements. 5. The questionnaire survey. 6. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), was used in the analysis of the woodlands and vegetation cover data , field crop production figures and the climate elements. The major findings were: 1. Existence of wide spread and an unabated deforestation cause mainly by rain fed agricultural production schemes and selectively logged trees for charcoal production. Deforestation 13 was also associated with other anthropogenic and the socioeconomic activities. 2. The inhabitants of Er Renk area were largely an aware of deforestation and it’s consequences, but have limited knowledge about its biophysical implications (vaguely defined in terms of delay in rainfall, reduced annual amount increasing distances of fire wood areas for the residencies and field crops failure). Most of them had no idea about the necessary corrective measure to either halt, reverse, or reduce the impacts of deforestation. 3. The Forests Authorities (NFC, Er Renk) have robust forests development plans, but failed to implement such programme due to lake of funds, inadequate trained to personnel and tools for regular monitoring and protection of the forest. 4. Deforestation was partially responsible for climate variations (drought like features) and subsequent drop in field crop yield during the “ Dry Years”. Amongst other, the important recommendations of the study were:- 1. Re-planting of the old fallow areas with productive three species, imposition of crop rotation and shelter wood belts within the agricultural schemes i.e. to reverse degradation impacts of deforestation. 2. Restrictions be placed on agricultural land leases, charcoal production permits and law enforcement of planting the 10% of agricultural lands with productive tree species such as Acacia species. 14 3. Stepping up the forestry extension service and involving the local community in forest management. 4. Insuring adequate funding by the National Government to Forests Authority (NFC, Er Renk) to provide for foresters training, equipment/Tools acquisition for forest production and its development. 5. Sensitize the Natural Resources Sector to work towards an integrated approach to management i.e. involving foresters, agriculturists, wildlife managers, range and livestock officials, local Government Administration and the community.
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    Family Planning Among Mothers at Alhaj Yousif Administration Unit- East Nile Locality -Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2011) Walaa Mohammed Osman Mohammed Ali ; Altagi Abdalla Mohammed Abdalla
    Background: Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of birth control. Family planning could prevent as many as one in every three maternal deaths by allowing women to delay motherhood and allow space births.According to Sudan Household Health Survey, Millennium Development Goals indicators 2006, the contraceptive prevalence rate was 7.6% and the unmet need for family planning was 5.7%. In 2010 the contraceptive prevalence rate was 9% and the unmet need for family planning was 25.9%.A descriptive cross-sectional community based study was conducted in Alhaj Yousif Administrative Unit- East Nile locality -2015 to study family planning among mothers. Methods: Asample size of 381 mothers was determined using statistical formula, data were collected using prepared and pre-tested questionnaire and then analyzed using (SPSS) version 16 and the association between different variables was checked using chi-square test at 0.05 level of significance. Results:The prevalence rate of family planning methods among mothers was 71.8%. A large group of mothers ( 54%) of mothers used hormonal methods.The majority of mothers (95%) knew about the family planning. The majority of mothers (88%) mentioned the reasons behind positive attitude towards family planning methods that it promotes the mother and the baby health together. There was a statistical association between the education level of mothers, their ages, income and knowledge, attitude and practice towards the family planning (p = 0.0001) for each. Conclusion: The study revealed a high knowledge, attitude and practice among mothers with respect to family planning. So the study recommended that: health education for mothers to sustain and promote the knowledge and attitude and practicing of family planning among them.
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    Appraisal Of Sudan Quality Safety Control System Of Beef And Mutton For Export
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-24) Mohamed, Salwa ; Mohamed Sariy Eldin ; Food Hygiene and Safety,
    The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of Sudanese red meat export of beef and mutton from Hygienic and Safety control system according to the international standards of the Codex Alimintarius Commission, and the standards of theArabian imported countries. The findings are needed for the establishments of better quality and safety control system for chilled export meat from Sudan. Questionnaire, observations, official records and laboratory bacteriological investigations were used for the collection of informative data required for evalution. Questionnaire of sixteen export companies shipping meat to different Arabian countries was used.The results revealed that the Sudanese meat export is complying with the international standards of Codex Alimintarius Commission, for weight,age, preservation,Veterinary inspection and freedom from epizootics. The exported meat was characterized by good, special taste and flavour and by its low fat content
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    Aircraft Noise;Case Study Of Khartoum International Airport
    (uofk, 2015-03-24) Ali Mahmoud, Omer ; Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali
    The location of Khartoum International Airport (KIA) in central city, and the increasing of flight movement in the last years, have raised the attention that aircraft noise pollution exists as a problem, and some of population that is living, working or studying around the airport is suffering from that. In this research, the first one of its kind in Sudan, analysis and evaluation of aircraft noise pollution from Khartoum International Airport (KIA) were done by taking measurements outside and inside the airport. A social questionnaire for the outside community and workers inside (KIA) was done. Measurement locations and population sample were selected randomly. The maximum measurement of noise inside the airport was 119.2 dB, which should not exceed 90 dB, and the maximum measurement outside the airport was 117.1 dB, which should not exceed 75 dB. The average measurement for both inside and outside the airport was 102 dB which is rather high through 42 seconds of the aircraft movement. In the social survey, (88.3%) claimed that noise is a problem, (94.6%) claimed that it has increased, and (87.1%) supported removal of Khartoum Airport outside the city with significance found for both genders. In work environment survey (89.0%) mentioned noise is a problem in their work, and absence of medical examination health care system and use of ear protector by (100%). The research results proved that aircraft noise pollution exists in both outside and inside (KIA) resulting in an uncomfortable environment for community and an unhealthy environment for work staff. The results of research were compared with other airports in Europe and Kampala Airport, Uganda. The lack of legislation exists in the absence of noise pollution environmental law in The Environmental Health Act (1975). A recommendation to evaluate the buildings in relation to the environment under the “Concept of Environmental Engineering Buildings” (EEB) is attached which aims to perform a highly environmental engineering function that buildings can do. When Khartoum International Airport (KIA) is tested by the (EEB) concept, it revealed environmental and engineering problems.
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    Aerobic Bacteria Associated With Fresh And Processed Of Camel’s Meat
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-25) Ahmed, Hanadi ; Tawfig ElTigani Mohamed ; Food Hygiene and Safety,
    This study was carried out to determine the aerobic bacteria associated with camel's meat. The samples collected from different stages of camel slaughtered at Elbugaa slaughter house (Omdurman) for local consumption and Elkadaro slaughter house (Kh. North ) for export. Also samples were collected from workers , knives and equipments which were used to cut Carcass (saw and cutter machine). A total of 157 samples collected from both areas comprised of 20 thigh muscles, 20 back muscles, 20 shoulder muscles, 20 swabs from outer skin, 20 swabs from internal cavity, 20 from surfaces of carcasses, 13 swabs from workers' hands, 6 swabs from saws, 15 swabs from knives and one swab from carcass cutter machine in Elkadaro slaughter house. All these samples were cultured for the isolation of aerobic bacteria. Gram positive bacteria (373 isolates) and Gramnegative bacteria (181 isolates) were isolated from different samples collected from both areas. Also other samples were collected from different sites for sausage processing and from workers, spices and machines at Regional training Center for Meat Inspection, hygiene and grading. All these samples were examined to determine aerobic bacteria. The isolates were comprised of Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Gram-positive isolated were Staphyllococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Gram-negative isolated were E.coli, Pseudomonas proteus , Citrobacter, Edwardsiella tarda, Acinetobacter, and Klebsiella. The spices, machines and workers during processing were found to be sources of contamination of the meat during processing. Also the end product of the processed meat was stored at 4°C for 5 days and reexamined . and then found that micrococcus , Streptococcus and Pseudomonas were increased and Corynebacterium, E.coli were decreased after storage but Staphylococcus and Bacillus were still constant Edwardseilla tarda was disappeared after cold storage. Different types of antibiotics were used for sensitivity tests of bacteria isolated from fresh meat as well as from processed meat. All Gram-positive and Gram-negative were found to be sensitivity to Gentamycin and Ampicillin. Grampositive bacteria were found to be highly sensitive to Tetracycline.
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    Aerobic bacteria isolated from Yoghurt Processed in Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-25) Abdel Hamid,Sulafa Maysara yasein ; Tawfig Eltigani Mohamed ; Food Hygiene and Safety
    This study was carried out in the department of Preventive medicine and public health, faculty of Vet-medicine, University of Khartoum in order to isolate and identity the types of Coliforms and other aerobic bacteria present in commercial yoghurt in Khartoum state. Twenty four yoghourt samples were cultured, twelve of them were considered Factory made yoghourt samples, and the other 12 represent the home made samples. Coliforms were isolate from 3 yoghourt samples of factory origin and 8 isolate from the home made samples .Also 8 different types of aerobic gram positive bacteria were isolate and the isolates were mainly micrococci followed by bacilli. All isolates were subjected to sensitivity test against five antibiotic discs. Variable degrees of sensitivity pattern were shown but 75% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin while 90% were sensitive to gentamycin.
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    Aerobic bacteria associated with fish meat marketed in Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-25) Ali,Shams Elnour Suliman ; Tawfig Eltigani Mohamed ; Food Hygiene and Safety
    The present work was carried out to isolate the bacteria present in different fish samples. The samples were collected from Elmorada Fish Market in Omdurman. A total of 48 samples comprised of 16 gills, 16 skins and 16 abdominal fluid were cultured for isolation of bacteria. Fish used as samples for bacterial isolation were Tilapia (Bulti), Aleses (Kawawar), Hydnocynus (Kas), Tleradon (Thamberia), Marmyrus (Khashm elbanat), Lates (Eigil), Synodontis (Gargur), Labeo (Dabs) and Bagnus (Bayuda). Both Gram-positive bacteria 68 isolates(70%) and Gram-negative bacteria 28 isolates(29.1%) were isolated from different fish samples. The isolated Gram- positive bacteria were Staphylococcus and Bacillus. The isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia hermnni, Escherichia fergusonii, Proteus (morgenella, morgani, pennri), Hafinia alveri (Entrobacteriaciae), Proteus miabilis and Klebsiella pneamoniae.
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    Reproductive Health Promotion in Emergency Situation: Internally Displaced Persons Camps
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-26) Adam,Izzeldin Fadl ; Kamil Mirghani Shaaban, ; Epidemiology
    This is a prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted in Internally Displaced Person camps, West Darfur-Sudan in Feb. 2007 up to April 2008. The study based on both health facilities and community settings, and focused mainly on reproductive health promotion. The aim was to evaluate the provision of RH services to internally displaced persons (IDPs). Specifically, the objectives for the study were to assess the level of accessibility for the beneficiaries married women at child bearing age (MWCBA) to RH services; to measure the quality of care provided and performance of community health providers (CHPs); and to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of IDPs, towards RH services. RH intervention conducted include emergency obstetric care, postnatal and antenatal care, family planning, safe motherhood, STIs include AIDs/HIV control and reproductive health education based on the community approaches and social initiatives through community health committees (CHCs) and massive social mobilization campaigns. Training for midwives, vaccinators, health promoters were took place in the intervention of the study. A framework adopted for implementation outlined in the Interagency Field Manual on reproductive health in emergency situations. Pilot study was done followed by pre-intervention and post survey. Health Internetwork for Access of Research Initiative (HINARI) and EndNote programs were used for citation of literature review. Admission criteria was cited for 6051(MWCBA), then a sample of 640 women calculated through statistical formula. However, the sample selected within 32 clusters in 3 camps through cross-sectional sampling. The evaluation tools were adapted from the Reproductive Health Response in Conflict (RHRC), Consortium’s Health Needs Assessment Field Tools included the health facility checklist, group discussion, provider questions, IDP questionnaire and the client exit interview protocol. The study found high quality of care in tetanus vaccination, antenatal and postnatal care, as well as for emergency obstetric care and post complication care. Notwithstanding these positive findings, services for STIs/HIV/AIDS and GBV, were found to be generally less comprehensive in some clinics. However, notable performance of health providers indicated but refresher training is needed. Therefore, statistically significant difference observed from Base Line Data to post-intervention survey included RH messages, protection from violence, HIV/AIDS knowledge, FGM, contraceptive knowledge and use, antenatal care, vaccination, work reduction during pregnancy, favorite place for delivery and post-natal care. With odds ratio (3.56, 4.076, 7.018, 1.076, 5.337, 2.151, 15.973, 3.841, 1.662, 4.824 and 5.665) respectively. The study recommended on adoption of community based approaches and social initiatives in implementing of RH in emergency; gaps in gender based violence (GBV) management, HIV/AIDS services need to be filled; peripheral clinics which handed over by NGOs should be re-operated by SMOH; comprehensive program should be implemented for prevention and management of excessive pregnancy complications and maternal morbidity and finally, further researches and studies should be conducted to throw light on critical points of our study.
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    Antibacterial Activity of Trigonella foenum greacum linn (Fenugreek) Seed
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-29) Eltigani, Nafisa ; Amira Abdel Azeem Behairy ; El Bushra El Sheikh El Nur( ; Food Hygiene and Safety
    Trigonella foenum graecum L. (fenugreek) is considered to have along history in medicine. It was used by Chinese for improvement of metabolic activities and the general heath. It is also used as spice and a cure in many parts of the world. In Sudan, it is used in folkrolic medicine for the ttreatment of boils, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
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    Assessment of Industrial Liquid Waste Management in Omdurman Industrial Area
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-11) ELNASRI, ROGHAIA AHMED ALI ; Bashir Mohamed ElHassan ; Environmental Studies
    This study was conducted mainly to investigate the effects of industrial pollution on the environment in the Omdurman area. Various types of industries are found around Omdurman. The major industries are divided into eight major sectors, each sector is divided into subsectors, special consideration was given to the liquid waste because of its effects. In addition to the available data, personal observation supported by photographs, laboratory analysis were carried on the industrial effluents. The investigated parameters in the analysis were; BOD, COD, O & G, Cr, TDS, TSS, pH, temp & conductivity. Interviews were conducted with handling worker in the industries, in order to assess the effects of industrial pollution. The results obtained showed that all the factories were found to exceed the accepted levels of the industrial pollution control. The effluents disposed of on the site allotted by municipal authorities has an adverse effects on the surrounding environment and public health and amenities. Accordingly the study recommends that the wastewater must be pretreated before disposed of on site allotted by municipal authorities. Produce an appropriate system for industrial waste for proper management. The study established the need to construct a sewage system in the area in order to minimize the pollutants from effluents.
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    Assessment Of Wild Animals Farming System In The Sudan With Emphasis On Dorcas Gazelle, (Gazella Dorcas ,Linnaeus,1758) In Khartoum State.
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-11) Majango Jambo Gonja Wura ; Salwa Mansour Abdelhameed ; Environmental Studies
    The thesis has assessed wild animal farming system in the Sudan, with emphasis on dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas, Linnaeus,1758), in Khartoum State. The assessment includes the policy introduced by Wildlife Conservation General Administration (WCGA) in the early 1990s with the objective of species restoration and commercial benefits to the farmers. Emphasis was put on dorcas gazelle farms, because it was an area in which the majority of the farmers appeared to have shown much interest. The assessment was important because reports on the progress of the farms have shown existence of management problems, and no research has been conducted to evaluate the farms. This study was done during the period October 2002 and January 2003. Relevant and available literature and Internet web sites were reviewed, and documents at the WCGA were consulted. Several field surveys of the farms were conducted and observations were recorded. Interviews and informal discussions were held with relevant personnel. The available feasibility studies were also considered. Methods of comparative and descriptive studies were adopted in the analyses. Statistical analysis was done to determine the coefficient of variation among the variables that were measured. The variables included numbers of species raised, breeding pen sizes, male to female stocking ratio, annual natality number, daily food ration, daily water requirements, monthly expenditure, collection methods and sites. The results showed that the major factors that led to the unsustainable management of the farms included dependence of the farmers on dorcas gazelle as a single species of animal, small number of parental breeding groups (average of 28 gazelles), limitation of spaces allotted for housing the animals, inadequacy of male to female stocking ratio, collection of the gazelles from only one site, lack of awareness and expertise within the management personnel and inadequate number of trained labourer, lack of comprehensive and technical guidelines on captive management, no monitoring and advisory body to assist the farmers, poor feasibility studies, no veterinary supervision, the committees formed to report on the status of the farms were confined to the officers of the WCGA only, no ownership certificates, and low economic benefits. 3 Statistical analysis has indicated that the coefficient of variation among the three gazelle farms currently operating in Khartoum State was higher with regards to the gazelles pen size( 82.6% ), the pair price( 90.5% ), annual natality number ( 92.5%), daily food ration ( 84.2%), daily water requirements (58.7%) and monthly expenditures (77.2%). However, the coefficient of variation was lower with regards to the gazelle herd (30.4%). This research has provided meaningful information that can be regarded as basic data for future studies, and could be used in the preparation of relevant feasibility studies and management plans for captive breeding farms. Unless some measures are taken to remedy the situation, it will remain rather difficult for the farmers to meet the aspiration of species restoration and providing financial receipts. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers should include in their management programmes other marketable wild species, beside dorcas gazelle, in order to withstand uncertainties that are related to the demands and supply of wild products on the world markets. Housing limitation, inadequacy of male to female stocking ratio, the structure of handling unit-funnel, the number of the parental breeding groups and the number of labourers should be corrected and applied with regard to other experience. The feasibility studies and management plans should be prepared by expertise and made available as technical guides to the farmers. An advisory body has to be formed to advice the farmers and monitor the implementation physically. Awareness has to be created among the farmers and expertise has to be involved in the management activities. Nevertheless, it is recommended that WCGA and Wildlife Research Centre (WRC) should work to establish demonstrating farms to which interested persons should refer before attempting to undertake any business associated with wild animal captive breeding on private farms.
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    Environmental Impact of Construction Materials Industry in Khartoum State
    (UOFK, 2015-05-12) Sharara, Mohammed Awad Ali ; Dr. Abd El Halim Hassan ElNadi ; Environmental Sciences
    Khartoum State is chosen as the focal point for this research. This is because of the alarming increase of its population caused by demographic dynamics triggered by various reasons. This necessitates increasing demands for building materials such as, sand, gravel, bricks and stones as dimension or decorative. This lucrative industry flourished at all the sites in the tertiary capital- Khartoum city, Omdurman city and Khartoum North city. The excavation works for the different types of construction materials has deleterious impacts on both human health and the environment. Workers at the production sites are subjected to various respiratory problems and high noise hazards.Abandoned pits contribute to the onset of infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid, dysentery and cholera. They also threaten swimmers lives during the high season. Random dumping of waste material during processing of the building materials can cause serious changes in the river and Khor hydraulics , or can deviate the course of the natural drainage lines towards residential areas Some of the waste gases are poisonous and the production of carbon dioxide , in particular , has serious impact on the environment through its "greenhouse" effect . A package of measurements are proposed to reduce the impact of this industry on the environment.
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    Architectural Integration of Solar Energy Applications With Buildings Special References to Buildings in Khartoum, Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-13) Hassan, Maha Babiker ; Osman M. Elkheir ; Environmental Studies
    In recent years, there was an improvement in utilizing solar energy and using solar applications in Sudan. This improvement requires awareness of using this technology and collaboration among all people who have been involved in this process. In this study, an attempt is made to architecturally incorporate of solar applications with different buildings in Sudan. Mounting of solar applications within buildings in Sudan is not according to any architectural standards. That, therefore, led to losses of its appearance within buildings. Special emphasis on buildings in Khartoum has been made. Samples from different types of buildings have been chosen as a case study, and have been analyzed to indicate how these buildings accept this technology and to study the architectural value of this integration. In addition to that, conclusions and recommendations for buildings integrated solar applications have been made, together with some guidelines for further studies. The goal is to have the solar building.
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    Evaluation of Some Water Characteristics of The Blue Nile in Khartoum State as Indicators of River Nile Pollution
    (UOFK, 2015-05-13) KHILLA, EVELINE EDWARD AYAD ; Professor Osman Mirghani ; Environmental Studies
    The study investigated some physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the Blue Nile River in Khartoum State. Four sites were chosen and studied namely , River Transport Corporation, Burri and Bahri Power Stations and Manshiya Bridge (under construction) between May and July 2003. Four classes of phytoplankton were encountered: Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophycaeae; with the last two classes being the most dominant. The zooplankton was represented by the genera Copepoda – the dominant one - , Cladocera and Rotifera. River Transport Corporation site showed higher Total Coliform Counts during May and June, while all four stations showed the highest count ( >100 MPN per 100ml ) in July. Values for Total Coliform and feacal bacteria were higher than previous studies which could be an indication that the Blue Nile River is polluted with both total coliform and feacal coliform bacteria. Pollution indicators were also manifested in relatively higher values of BOD, COD, and NO3 – N, NO2-N. This could be attributed to anthropogenic activities such as brickeries, agricultural runoff, human and animal waste. Some of the changes were attributed to the natural hydrological regime of the Blue Nile River such as increase of temperature, transparency and pH, at low flood period and the increase in TDS and conductivity ; decline in transparency besides the disappearance of plankton with the onset of floodwater. The site of Manshiya Bridge exhibited lowest transparency values due to dredging activities. The investigation within the Manshiya Bridge Site (under construction), albeit done in a preliminary way, is the first of its kind in Sudan. The data indicate that the Blue Nile River within Khartoum State has undergone physical, chemical and biological changes. The magnitude, causes and trends are yet to be elucidated. The study calls for an urgent, proper and long-term investigation of the Blue Nile as well as the major rivers in Sudan.
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    Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water in Gedaref Town and its Uptake by Some Vegetable Plants
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-13) Hadia Ahmed Elhadi Elhessin ; Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali ; Environmental Studies
    This study was carried out on fifteen wells in Gedaref Town to determine their concentration of fluoride. These wells are a source of drinking water for two stations in Abu Naga and Alazaza. Fluoride concentration in water was determined using spectrophotometric methods. Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium concentration were determined using Titrimetric methods. Four vegetable plant species, irrigated with water containing 2.67 mg F/l, were analyzed for fluoride contents in leaves, roots and fruits of Hibiscus esculentus (Okra) and leaves and roots of Corchorus olitorius (Molokhaya), Cajanus cajan (Lobya) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) utilizing the Ion Selective Electrode Potentiometric method. All water samples showed higher fluoride concentration than the standard level (1.5-mg F/l) permitted by Sudanese and WHO standards. The results showed that there are no significant differences in calcium in the two areas but Alazaza showed higher concentration of magnesium than area A. These waters are described as hard water. Significant differences (P<0.05) in fluoride levels in roots, leaves and fruits of Hibiscus esculentus were encountered. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were found in roots and leaves of Corchorus olitorius and Cajanus cajan. No significant differences (P >0.05) were encountered in fluoride levels in leaves and roots of Lycopersicon esculentum. No toxic symptoms were observed on either of the four species.
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    The Environmental Impact of Gaseous By- Products and Pollutants in Waste Water at Khartoum Refinery
    (UOFK, 2015-05-14) Osman, Hind Abdel Moneim Khogali ; Dr.Abdel- Halim Hassan El-Nadi ; Environmental Studies
    Sudan has become one of the oil producing countries since 2000 . Petroleum as an energy source represents 16 % of the energy balance of the country. The processes of prospecting, transportation, refining and utilization of petroleum may have serious negative impacts on the environment. This study focuses on the determination of the nature and concentration of the main gases ensuing during the process of oil refining, as well as the determination of pollutants in waste water at Khartoum Refinery. Also, investigation into means and ways adopted by the Refinery to reduce the negative impact of those pollutants on the environment are reviewed. The gaseous by- products analyzed include SO2, NOX and CO. The waste water pollutants analyzed include the pH, oil and grease , sulphides, phenols, nitrogen and ammonia , the total suspended solids (TSS) , the biological oxygen demand (BOD),and the chemical oxygen demand (COD). It is found that the analytical results of the gaseous by –products are compatible with the Chinese, Global Bank Guide and The Sudanese Standards. The results of the analyses of the pollutants in the outlet waste water after treatment are compatible with the Chinese and Sudanese Standards as regards oil and grease ;phenols; nitrogen and ammonia; the total suspended solids ; the biological oxygen demand and the sulphide .This demonstrates the effectiveness of the treatment methods adopted by the Refinery in dealing with the above –mentioned gaseous by-products and water pollutants . However, the methods adopted in controlling the pH and the chemical oxygen demand needs revising. Some recommendations are proposed in order to curb the impact of this industry on the environment.
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    Aircraft Noise; Case Study of Khartoum International Airport
    (UOFK, 2015-05-14) Obeid, Omer Ali Mahmoud ; Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali ; Environmental Studies
    The location of Khartoum International Airport (KIA) in central city, and the increasing of flight movement in the last years, have raised the attention that aircraft noise pollution exists as a problem, and some of population that is living, working or studying around the airport is suffering from that. In this research, the first one of its kind in Sudan, analysis and evaluation of aircraft noise pollution from Khartoum International Airport (KIA) were done by taking measurements outside and inside the airport. A social questionnaire for the outside community and workers inside (KIA) was done. Measurement locations and population sample were selected randomly. The maximum measurement of noise inside the airport was 119.2 dB, which should not exceed 90 dB, and the maximum measurement outside the airport was 117.1 dB, which should not exceed 75 dB. The average measurement for both inside and outside the airport was 102 dB which is rather high through 42 seconds of the aircraft movement. In the social survey, (88.3%) claimed that noise is a problem, (94.6%) claimed that it has increased, and (87.1%) supported removal of Khartoum Airport outside the city with significance found for both genders. In work environment survey (89.0%) mentioned noise is a problem in their work, and absence of medical examination health care system and use of ear protector by (100%). The research results proved that aircraft noise pollution exists in both outside and inside (KIA) resulting in an uncomfortable environment for community and an unhealthy environment for work staff. The results of research were compared with other airports in Europe and Kampala Airport, Uganda. The lack of legislation exists in the absence of noise pollution environmental law in The Environmental Health Act (1975). A recommendation to evaluate the buildings in relation to the environment under the “Concept of Environmental Engineering Buildings” (EEB) is attached which aims to perform a highly environmental engineering function that buildings can do. When Khartoum International Airport (KIA) is tested by the (EEB) concept, it revealed environmental and engineering problems.
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    Groundwater as a Source of Water Supply in Eastern Khartoum State- Geological Control and Quality Constraints
    (UOFK, 2015-05-14) El tahir, Seif Eldin Makki ; Dr. Yassin Abdel Salam ; Environmental Studies
    تقع منطقة الدراسة في ولاية الخرطوم ، منطقة شرق النيل , شرق وشمال شرق نهر النيل والنيل الأزرق ، بين خطي عرض 15 20 و 16 00 شمالا وخطي طول 32 32 و 32 57 شرقًا. تتناول هذه الدراسة الخواص الهيدروجيولوجية والتحاليل الكيمائية والميكروبيولوجية للمياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة. التتابع الجيولوجي للطبقات تحت السطحية في منطقة الدراسة من القاعدة وحتى السطح هي الصخور الأساسية ثم الحجر الرملي النوبي واخيرا الرسوبيات الحديثة . الطبقات الحاملة للمياه الجوفية توجد في حوض جوفي علوي والذي يتشكل من الرسوبيات الحديثة و حوض جوفي سفلي أساسه الحجر الرملي النوبي , وهذا الأخير يمثل المصدر الرئيسي لإمداد المياه الجوفية والذي يتكون من حبيبات رملية كبيرة نسبيا في الغالب ، حيث نجد أن سمك تكوينات الحجر الرملي النوبي في هذه المنطقة يتراوح بين عدة أمتار قليلة في الجزء الشمالي إلى أكثر من 300 متر في الجزء الجنوبي الذي تتخلله شرائح من تكوينات الطين والطمي في الاتجاه الشرقي منه . كما نجد أن سمك الخزان الجوفي الحامل للمياه والذي يعد مصدر المياه الجوفية يبلغ 25 مترًا ، وتتم تغذية هذا الخزان الجوفي بصورة أساسية من نهر النيل والنيل الأزرق والوديان الموسمية ، ونجد للتكوينات الجيولوجية في هذه المنطقة الأثر الواضح في التركيبة الكيميائية والخواص الفيزيائية للمياه الجوفية داخل هذه الخزانات الجوفية. التحاليل التي أجريت على أنواع وأحجام الحبيبات الرملية وإجراءات الاختبار للضخ أوضحت أن الإنتاجية أكبر في الحوض الجوفي السفلي. مستوى الماء الثابت في منطقة الدراسة ضحل بالقرب من نهر النيل والنيل الأزرق حيث لا يتجاوز 7 أمتار ، ويزداد تدريجيا كلما اتجهنا شرقا وجنوب شرقا ، حيث يبلغ أكبر عمق وهو 52 مترا في منطقة شيخ الأمين بلة ( 32 51 شرقا و 15 30 شمالا). كذلك تزداد الإنتاجية تدريجيا كلما اتجهنا غربا وجنوبا حيث تتراوح قيمتها بين 9 متر مكعب/الساعة إلى 110 متر مكعب / الساعة. ولكن هذه الإنتاجية تتباين على الرغم من وقوع بعض المناطق ذات الإنتاجية الضعيفة في اتجاه الزيادة التدريجي للإنتاجية وذلك نتيجة لعدم تجانس التركيبة الجيولوجية للحوض الجوفي في هذه المناطق. كما أن الناقلية في الحوض الجوفي ذات قيم عالية في المناطق البعيدة عن النيل والنيل الأزرق ، حيث تزداد تدرجيا كلما اتجهنا شرقا وجنوب شرقا ، وذلك لزيادة سمك التكوينات الرملية في الحوض الجوفي وأيضا نتيجة للتغذية المستديمة بالقرب من نهر النيل والنيل الأزرق حيث تبلغ اعلي قيمة للنا قلية 1137.4 متر مكعب في اليوم في منطقة الشيخ الفادني ( 32 46 شرقا و 15 29 شمالا). نتائج التحاليل الكيميائية والميكروبيولوجية للعينات مأخوذة من 29 بئر جوفي لتغطية كل منطقة الدراسة ، حيث أظهرت النتائج أن هناك 6 أنواع كيميائية للمياه الجوفية في المنطقة, منها 4 أنواع رئيسة سائدة وهي الصوديوم-الكبريتات, الماغنسيوم –البيكربونات ، الصوديوم –البيكربونات والماغنسيوم –الكبريتات. ونوعان أقل سيادة وهما الصوديوم –الكلور والكالسيوم –البيكربونات. كذلك أوضحت نتائج التحاليل عن وجود نطاق ملحي في الجزء الجنوبي من منطقة الدراسة ويمتد شمال شرقا ، حيث نجد أن المياه الجوفية فيه تحتوي على أكثر من 3000 جزء من المليون من مجموع الأملاح الذائبة ونسبة عالية جدا من تركيز الصوديوم والكلور ، كما نجد أن التوصيل الكهربي للمياه يتجاوز الحد المسموح به عالميا. وكذلك يتضح من التحاليل خلال الخمسة أعوام السابقة أن سنة 2001 هي ذات أدنى قيمة للتوصيل الكهربي للمياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة, نتيجة لتأثير معدلات هطول الأمطار السنوي العالي في هذه السنة. التحاليل الميكروبيولوجية أوضحت أن الآبار الجوفية التي تقع بالقرب من نهر النيل والنيل الأزرق هي ذات نسبة عالية من التلوث الميكروبيولوجي ، لأنها تقع في مناطق سكنية تستخدم نظام الصرف الصحي الجوفي للفضلات داخل الحوض الجوفي العلوي مما يعرض هذه الآبار ومن .Total-count و Coliform لخطورة التلوث والإصابة بالميكروبات البكترية وخاصة خلال التحاليل الميكروبيولوجية للخمس سنوات السابقة اتضح تزايد التلوث الميكروبي سنويا ، ولكن أكبر قيمة للتلوث والإصابة بالبكتريا للمياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة كانت سنة 2001 قد خلصت الدراسة وأضحت بأن المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة صالحة للاستعمال البشري والحيواني وللأغراض الزراعية إلا في بعض المواقع التي تقع داخل النطاق الملحي والمناطق ذات التلوث والإصابة الميكروبيولوجية العالية جدًا. ولكن بقية المواقع ذات مياه جوفية صالحة ذات قيم تحليلية داخل المدى الموصي عليه والمسموح به عالميا.
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    Application of Non-Divergent Barotropic Model And The Single Level Primitive Equation Model To Predict Flow-Patterns In Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-14) Mohamed, Badr Eldin Mamoun ; Eltayeb Musa Mustafa ; Mohsin Mohamed Abd Alla ; Meteorology
    Two simple numerical weather prediction models have been applied to identify and forecast the flow patterns over Sudan region. These are the non-divergent barotropic model and the single level primitive equation model, which use the conservation of absolute and potential vorticity as the guiding principle respectively. Using, the 700-hPa level horizontal objectively analyzed wind component fields, period 12Z 3 August 1988 to7 August 1988,to describe the flows at the level of non-divergence. A regular closed grid point structure (2.5o× 2.5o) was used to define the horizontal domain, which extends from 20oS to 35oN latitude and 10oW to 45oE longitude. Factors, such as analysis of the initial map, domain size, grid size, handling of north-south and eastwest boundaries, and the finite difference techniques, have been examined carefully. MATLAB software program codes have been constructed to prepare the initial and forecast fields for the barotropic forecast model (stream function field) and the single level primitive equation model (geopotential height field). The heavy rainfall, which occurred in Sudan on 4th and 5th August 1988, has been taken as a case study. The main meteorological factors involved in the heavy rainfall are; the presence of a trough aligned northeast to southwest, associated with the deep cyclonic circulations centered nearly over Khartoum. Three experiments have been carried out with different time interval forecast (24,12,and 6 hours) to investigate the predictive capabilities of the models .The 6 hours forecast produced by the two models appeared to be better (in comparison to the actual map).The success increases as the time interval decreases.