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    2005 -النظام الأدارى لدار جامعة الخرطوم للنشر 1965
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-14) سعد الدين محمد رمضان ; عبد الرحمن أبكر ; عبد الله محمد أحمد كفيل
    The present study aims to look at the problems which have faced Khartoum University Press to achieve its stated objectives. The study examined the organization structure of the Khartoum University Press,its personnel management and its role in maintaing a healthy atmosphere for members of Khartoum University Press to work and achieve its goals and objectives. To try to find some solutions for the problems of Khartoum University Pres.Chapter one in this study explains the plan of the study, while chapter two deals with the theoretical part of administrive organization and scientific managemet, with more enphasis on management by objectives (MBO). Chapter three presents a historical account about the University of Khartoum and the Khartoum University Press, its objectives and organization. Chapter four deals with the problems that have faced (KUP) and with appropriate tools for measuring the acheivement of goals and objectives. Chapter five presents the results of the study and provides some suggestions and solutions to these problems.
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    3G Coverage Planning over Sudan using High Altitude Platforms (HAPs)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-05) Musab Ali Eissa Ali ; Tahani Abdalla Attia ; Electrical and Electronic Engineering
    The provision of 3G wireless services to Sudan is proposed using a network of High Altitude Platforms, which are low cost, solar-powered and unmanned airships carrying multipurpose communications relay payload. These platforms are able to stay stationary at stratospheric altitudes, with a potential endurance of many years, features that make them attractive for the provision of future communication services. Several exciting research works are continuing into various aspects of this emergent technology. This thesis provides some insight into this infrastructure in terms of the need for a new system, its benefits, challenges, services provided and applications supported. A cellular network is designed to provide 3G coverage over sparsely-populated areas using large cells with small ones located inside these umbrella cells to serve hot-spot areas. Cell geometry is dimensioned, downlink budget is calculated and optimal values of link margin are estimated for different QOS requirements in order to determine the suitable scenario for each service. HAP Planning Tool is a Matlab simulation developed for this principle. Simulator results have shown that it is possible for HAPS based systems to provide 3G coverage within a cell diameter of 200 km. Low data rate services are accessible from any position of the cell, while high data rate services could be guaranteed only inside small circles around cell center
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    A 9 Year Study of Pediatrics teratoma in Khartoum state
    (University of Khartoum, 2019) Safeya Ahamed Mohamed Tamim Eldar
    Abstract Background: Teratomas originate from totipotential germ cells such as those normally present in the ovary and testis sometimes abnormally present in sequestered midline embryonic rests. Teratomas arise from three germ cell layers, the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Teratomas are histologically classified as either mature or immature, with the immature element consisting principally of primitive neuroglial tissue and may be malignant, ,In a minority of immature teratomas, malignant elements predominantly yolk sac tumor or embryonal carcinoma, may be present, therefor, the objective of this study to assess the histological variants of teratomas among Sudanese pediatrics patients. Methods: The present study is a retrospective analytical study conducted at Soba university Teaching Hospital, National Public Health Laboratory and Military Hospital in Khartoum state. All cases (less than 16 years) diagnosed as teratoma in the period of 9 years were included and studied with reference to age, sex, presenting clinical features, site, gross, and microscopic features. Results: A total of 60 pediatric cases were retrieved, 49(82%) were females and 11(18%) were males. Site of origin was ovaries in28 (57%), Sacrococcygeal (15) in 25%, abdomen in 5( 8.3%), pelvis 5(8.3), head and neck in 4( 6.7%), chest in 2 (3.3%) and 1 (0.9% )in testis. Mature teratomas account for 81.7%, mixed in 13.3% and 5% were immature teratoma. Altman class-I was the main classification in 8 (53.3%) of sacrococcygeal teratoma cases. Immature teratoma Grade-3 was predominant (62.5%). All three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) were the main mature components in 43(82.7%) patients with mature teratomas, and neural tissues were the main components of immature teratomas in 5(71.4%) patients. The majority of sacrococcygeal teratoma cases were females (60%), below one year age (60%) and mature in histological classification (60%). Conclusion: Teratomas have much diversity in their age at presentation, location, gross features, and in degree of differentiation,mature teratoma were predominant,sacroccoygeal teratomas mostly tended to be mature and affected females and age below one year patients. الخلاصة الخلفية : الورم المسخي هو ورم جيني يتكون من انسجة مشتقة من طبقتين على الاقل من طبقات الاديم الثلاث او ما يسمى بالطبقات الجرثومية . الورم المسخي يمكن ان ينشأ في أي مكان في الجسم خصوصا في المحور او حول محور الجسم . أساليب الدراسة : هذه الدراسة هي تحليلية عكسية تمت في مستشفى سوبا الجامعي – المعمل القومي المركزي – مستشفى السلاح الطبي , كل الحالات التي تمت دراستها اطفال اقل من عمر (16) سنة مشخصة مسبقا كأورام مسخية وقد تمت دراستها وفقا للعمر والجنس والخصائص السريرية اضافة الى مكان المنشأ والخصائص الظاهرية والمجهرية . كان حجم العينة في 60 مريض مشخص بالورم المسخي تم جمع البيانات باستخدام السجلات والاستبيانات وتم تحليلها ببرنامج الاحصاء التحليلي (SPSS) . النتائج : 60 حالة في المجمل تم استرجاعها من الارشيف , 49 حالة ( 82% اناث) , 11 حالة (18% ذكور) منشأ الورم من المبائض (57% ) 28 حالة , منطقة العجز او العصعص في (25%) ومن البطن (8.3%) الحوض (8.3%) و من الراس و العنق (6.7%) من الصدر (3.3%) من الخصية (0.9% ) حالة واحدة . نسبة الورم المسخي الناضج هي (81.7%) ونسبة الخليط (13.3%) غير الناضج (5%) تصنيف ألت مان الاول هو السائد 8 حالات او (53.3%) بين حالات الورم المسخي العجزي العصعصي . الورم المسخي غير الناضج من الدرجة الثالثة كان هو السائد بين حالات الورم المسخي غير الناضج بواقع 5 حالات (62.5%) . اغلب الاورام المسخية الناضجة 43 حالة تتكون من انسجة مشتقة من الثلاث طبقات البرعمية (الاديم الظاهر والمتوسط والباطن). النسيج العصبي هو المكون الرئيسي في حالات الورم المسخي غير الناضج , 5 حالات (71.4%) , غالبية الاورام المسخية العجزية العصعصية تم تشخيصها في الاناث (60%) , اقل من عمر سنة (60%) , اغلبها كورم ناضج (60%) . الخلاصة : الورم المسخي هو ورم متنوع من حيث العمر ووقت الظهور والمكان والخصائص الظاهرية للورم ومن حيث درجة التمايز , ويعتبر الورم من منطقة العجز والعصعص ورم مسخي ناضج ويصيب الاناث في عمر اقل من سنة .
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    A Case-control Study of Potential Risk Factors Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sinnar State 2019
    (University of Khartoum, 2019) Tssabih Alim Salih Almogadm
    Abstract Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in the world, despite several efforts to improve case identification and treatment compliance. Tuberculosis reflects a complex interaction between socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle and non-communicable diseases. This study was conducted in hospitals with an objective to study the potential risk factors associated with new cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sinnar State 2019. Methodology: This case-control study was conducted in the care and treatment hospitals for pulmonary tuberculosis in Sinnar State. A total of 125 tuberculosis patients were matched with 125 controls randomly selected from other patients. Data was collected using questionnaire direct to the patients to gather data regarding to risk factors of TB. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, and the associations between different variables were checked using Odds Ratio (OR); OR>1 was considered significant. Results: The study showed that more than half of the cases and controls (56%) were males and (44 %) of the cases and controls were females. A large group (40%) of the cases and the controls were within the age group of (18-38 years). Family size was greater than 6 individuals for 42.4% of the cases and 43.2% of the controls. The overcrowding in one room was 3-4 individuals/room for 51.2% of the cases and 60.8% of the controls. Nearly half (47.2 %) of the cases and small group (14.7%) of the controls were not immunized against tuberculosis in childhood. The study showed that the effect of low education level was 4 times (OR = 4) higher in cases than in controls. Similarly, smoking has also been identified as an important risk factor contributing to the development of TB by 4 times (OR = 4.5), while income as a risk factor increased the development of TB by 6 times (OR = 6.5). Most importantly, history of contact with a TB patient in the family increased the occurrence of TB by 22 times (OR = 22.25) than that for families without history of TB infection. Conclusion: There are many risk factors behind TB among cases such as: low education level, smoking, poverty, overcrowding, malnutrition and lack of immunization. Therefore based on the findings the study recommends fighting illiteracy through educating and raising the awareness the community about TB, providing good nutrition, avoiding smoking, avoiding crowding, providing necessary immunizations and treatment of TB cases. المستخلص: الخلفية: لا يزال السل يمثل مشكلة رئيسية في العالم، على الرغم من الجهود العديدة المبذولة لتحسين تحديد الحالات وعلاجها. ويعكس السل تفاعلا معقدا بين الظروف الاجتماعية والاقتصادية ونمط الحياة والأمراض غير المعدية. وقد أجريت هذه الدراسة في المستشفيات بهدف دراسة عوامل الخطر المحتملة المرتبطة بحالات السل الرئوي الجديدة في ولاية سنار2019. المنهجية: وقد أجريت دراسة الحالة والحالة الضابطة في مستشفيات الرعاية والعلاج للسل الرئوي في ولاية سنار. وقد تم مطابقة 125 مريضاً بالسل مع 125 من الضوابط التي تم اختيارهم عشوائياً من المرضى بأمراض أخرى خلاف السل. جمعت البيانات باستخدام إستبانة مصممة مسبقاً وجهت مباشرة للمرضى لجمع البيانات المتعلقة بعوامل الخطر المرتبطة بالسل. تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام برامج الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS) الإصدار 20، وتم التحقق من الارتباطات بين المتغيرات المختلفة باستخدام نسبه الاحتمالات (OR)؛ مع اعتبار قيمة (OR) < 1 توجد علاقة. النتائج: أوضحت الدراسة أن أكثر من نصف الحالات والضوابط (56%) ذكور و أن (44%) من الحالات والضوابط كانت من الإناث. مجموعة كبيرة (40%) من الحالات و الضوابط ضمن الفئة العمرية (18- 38) سنة. العائلات التي يبلغ حجمها أكثر من 6 أفراد تمثل الحالات فيها 42.4% و الضوابط 43.2%. الازدحام بالغرفة الواحدة بمعدل 3-4 أفراد بالغرفة تمثل الحالات فيها 51.2% والضوابط 60.8%. قريباً من النصف من الحالات (47.2 %) و مجموعة صغيرة (14.7%) من الضوابط لم يتم تحصينهم ضد السل في مرحلة الطفولة. أوضحت الدراسة أن تأثير انخفاض مستوي التعليم كان 4 مرات (أو = 4) اعلي في الحالات من الضوابط. بالمثل ، تم أيضا تحديد التدخين كعامل خطر هام يسهم في تطوير السل بمقدار 4 مرات (أو = 4.5) في حين ان الدخل كعامل خطر زاد من تطور السل بمقدار 6 مرات (أو = 6.5). والاهم من ذلك ، ان تاريخ الاختلاط بمريض السل في الاسره زاد من حدوث السل بمقدار 22 مره (أو = 22.25) مقارنه بالأسر التي ليس لها تاريخ للاصابه بالسل. الخلاصة: خلصت الدراسة إلى ان هناك العديد من عوامل الخطر المرتبطة بالسل بين الحالات مثل: تدني مستوي التعليم ، والتدخين ، والفقر ، والاكتظاظ ، وسوء التغذية ، والافتقار إلى التحصين. وبناءً على النتائج التي خلصت إليها الدراسة أوصت ب : محاربة الأمية من خلال تثقيف المجتمع ورفع الوعي حول مرض السل، التغذية الجيدة، محاربة التدخين، تفادي الازدحام، أهمية التمنيع ومعالجة مرضى السل.
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    A Case-control Study of Potential Risk Factors Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sinnar State 2019.
    (University of Khartoum., 2019) Tssabih Alim Salih Almogadm.
    Abstract Background: Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in the world, despite several efforts to improve case identification and treatment compliance. Tuberculosis reflects a complex interaction between socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle and non-communicable diseases. This study was conducted in hospitals with an objective to study the potential risk factors associated with new cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sinnar State 2019. Methodology: This case-control study was conducted in the care and treatment hospitals for pulmonary tuberculosis in Sinnar State. A total of 125 tuberculosis patients were matched with 125 controls randomly selected from other patients. Data was collected using questionnaire direct to the patients to gather data regarding to risk factors of TB. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20, and the associations between different variables were checked using Odds Ratio (OR); OR>1 was considered significant. Results: The study showed that more than half of the cases and controls (56%) were males and (44 %) of the cases and controls were females. A large group (40%) of the cases and the controls were within the age group of (18-38 years). Family size was greater than 6 individuals for 42.4% of the cases and 43.2% of the controls. The overcrowding in one room was 3-4 individuals/room for 51.2% of the IX cases and 60.8% of the controls. Nearly half (47.2 %) of the cases and small group (14.7%) of the controls were not immunized against tuberculosis in childhood. The study showed that the effect of low education level was 4 times (OR = 4) higher in cases than in controls. Similarly, smoking has also been identified as an important risk factor contributing to the development of TB by 4 times (OR = 4.5), while income as a risk factor increased the development of TB by 6 times (OR = 6.5). Most importantly, history of contact with a TB patient in the family increased the occurrence of TB by 22 times (OR = 22.25) than that for families without history of TB infection. Conclusion: There are many risk factors behind TB among cases such as: low education level, smoking, poverty, overcrowding, malnutrition and lack of immunization. Therefore based on the findings the study recommends fighting illiteracy through educating and raising the awareness the community about TB, providing good nutrition, avoiding smoking, avoiding crowding, providing necessary immunizations and treatment of TB cases.
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    A Computer Program for the Estimation of the Solar Radiation and Flat Plate Collector Performance
    ( 2019) Hassan Ali ; Kamal Nasreldin Abdalla
    Abstract This research aims to design a computer program which can be used for the estimation of beam diffuse and total radiation for a specific day every hour for a specific location from sunrise local time to sunset local time depends on data related to the location understudy. The program can be also used for estimating the hourly flat plate collector thermal performance from local sunrise time to local sunset time depending on collector location data in addition to data related to the collector specifications and its working fluid.. In order to check program validity, the program results were compared with other results measured for Khartoum city – Sudan for a specific day , also another results comparison was done with previous experimental results achieved for two solar thermal flat plate collectors connected in parallel, reasonable agreement was found in both cases. Estimation of beam, diffuse and total radiation for a given location is one of the main requirements for any project related to solar energy and project location selection ,it is the effective factor determines the success of the system and important for selecting the optimum kind of solar technology (PV, FPCs ,PTCs or PDCs,…etc) for the location under study . The program aids for achieving the repeating experiments for flat plate collectors and then helps to determine system fault points, doing the required rectifications and collector design modifications to improve the collector performance. Also it gives the expected sun set local time and day length for the both cases mentioned. المستخلص يهدف البحث الى تصميم برنامج حاسوبي يغرض تقدير معدل االشعاع الشمسي المباشر والمنتشر والكلي ليوم محدد كل رأس ساعة لموقع معين ابتداء من زمن الشروق المحلي وحتى زمن الغروب المحلي للموقع تحت الدراسة اعتمادا على بيانات الموقع . كذلك يمكن بواسطة البرنامج تقدير االداء الحراري للمجمعات الشمسية الحرارية المسطحة ليوم محدد كل رأس ساعة ابتداء من زمن الشروق المحلي وحتى زمن الغروب المحلي اعتمادا على بيانات موقع المجمع تحت الدراسة باالضافة الى بيانات اخرى تتعلق بمواصفات المجمع ومائع التشغيل . بغرض التاكد من وثوقية البرنامج تم مقارنة نتائج االشعاع الشمسي المتحصلة بواسطة البرنامج مع نتائج اخرى تم قياسها لمدينة الخرطوم – السودان ليوم محدد ؛ كذلك تم مقارنة نتائج البرنامج مع نتائج تجربة تم اجراءها مسبقا لمجمعين مسطحين تم توصيلهما على التوازي وكانت االنحرافات في كال الحالتين معقولة. يعتبر تقدير االشعاع الشمسي المباشر والمنتشر والكلي لموقع معين من المطلوبات االساسية النشاء اي مشاريع تتعلق بالطاقة الشمسية واختيار الموقع االنسب للمشروع و هو العنصر الفعال في تحديد مدى نجاح النظام ومهم الخيار نوع التقنية االنسب للموقع المعني تحت الدراسة )خاليا شمسية ,مجمع شمسي مسطح,مجمع قطع مكافئ إسطواني,مجمع قطع مكافئ طبقي,...ألخ (. كما أن البرنامج يساعد في تسهيل اجراء التجارب المتكررة على المجمعات الشمسية الحرارية المسطحة وبالتالي تحديد مواضع الخلل واجراء التصحيحات و التعديالت االزمة في التصميم بغرض تحسين األداء . كذلك يعطي البرنامج زمن الغروب المتوقع بالتوقيت المحلي وعدد الساعات المشمسة لليوم المحدد والموقع المعني في كال الحالتين المذكورتين اعاله
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    A Mathematical Analysis for the Dynamics of Meningitis Disease with and without Co-infection
    (University of Khartoum, 2021-04) Salma Omar Abdalmageid Adam
    Abstract Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the covering of the brain and spinal cord. It is most often caused by infection (bacterial, viral, or fungal), but can also be produced by chemical irritation, cancer and other conditions. Bacterial meningitis is very serious and can be deadly. The fatality rate is very high in Africa Meningitis Belt. It is approximately 20%. Up to 20% of the survivors get serious disabilities as a result of the disease. Current models ignore the existence of recovered individuals with disabilities. In this thesis a mathematical model of transmission of meningitis disease is built to study the impact of vaccination in the presence of survivors with disabilities. Another model is made to study the effect of co-infection with TB disease. Deterministic mathematical models are created. In these models the whole population is divided into six classes; susceptible, vaccinated, carriers, infected, recovered without disabilities and recovered with disabilities. The dy- namical behavior is studied with fixed control for both vaccine and treatment. Then these rates are used as control functions in order to obtain a strategy that minimizes the num- ber of infected while keeping the cost of vaccination and treatment as low as possible. Pontryagins Maximum Principle method is applied in that respect. Also a deterministic mathematical model was created to study a co-infection between meningitis disease and TB disease. The total population is divided into eleven compartments representing the interaction between the two diseases. The two sub-models are studied, separately, first. Then the full joint model is considered. The analysis of these models showed that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Also the endemic equilibrium exists and is unique but under some conditions. Also if the rate of vaccine uptake and the vaccine efficacy rate are kept at some values then the disease can be controlled and the disabilities of survivors could be reduced. In the presence of optimal control measures, it is shown that in approximately 20 years, the number of carriers will decrease and also the number of recovered individuals with disabilities will vanish. Moreover, the number of infected cases will noticeably decline and finally vanish in approximately 12.5 years. In the absence of the control measures the number of individuals in all classes is going to increase and the infection in the absence of the prevention will be hard to control. For the meningitis sub-model it was found that the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptoti- cally stable if the basic reproductive number R0M < 1 and also it is globally asymptotically stable. The endemic equilibrium exists but is locally unstable. In the TB sub-model, it is found that the disease free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable if R0T < 1 and also it is globally asymptotically stable. The endemic equilibrium exists and is locally asymp- totically stable. The full model have shown that R0 = max{R0M, R0T}, and the disease free equilibrium E0 is locally asymptotically stable if R0T < 1. Our numerical simulation have shown that when the basic reproductive numbers of both diseases are less than unity then the infections could be controlled and die out of the community. But if one of the basic reproductive numbers or both are greater than unity then it is found that one or both diseases are not controlled.
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    A Technique of Vertical Handover Prediction in 4th Generation (4G) Wireless Cellular Networks
    (University of Khartoum, 2021-03) Safaa Abdelwahab Mohamed Ibrahim
    ABSTRACT Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology that provides improved performance related to data rate, coverage and capacity compared to earlier cellular systems. The Heterogeneous Network (HetNets) can provide high data rate and enhance multimedia services, but it is challenging to provide optimized handover. Vertical Handover (VH) algorithms are very important components of 4G network architecture. These algorithms need to be designed to provide the required Quality of Services (QoS) to a wide range of applications while allowing seamless roaming among a multitude of networks of different technologies. The objective of this framework is to provide an optimized handover by minimizing unnecessary handovers, decreasing handover delay, improving RSS, decreasing signaling overhead and hence improving the QoS. The method used in the proposed model for target network selection in the handover process is the history of visited cells combined with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The AHP is used to calculate the weights for the network attributes and to rank the available networks based on multiple criteria; Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM). The sequence of visited cells is used in target network selection as it reduces frequent handover. The sequence of visited cells is modeled as Markov Chain. RSS forecasting is used to predict the handover necessity so as to reduce the handover delay. To enhance Received Signal Strength (RSS), RSS smoothing is also used to reduce the effects of deep fade and hence avoid unnecessary handovers. The results show that on average the number of handovers is reduced by up to 50% compared to the conventional AHP. The results also show that the threshold crossing rate and average duration of fades are reduced by 47%. Handover delay is also reduced by 40 ms due to RSS forecasting. المُسّـتخْلص شبكات الجيل الرابع من النوع "ال تي إي" هي شبكات تعطي أداء أفضل من ناحية معدل إرسال البيانات ومن ناحية التغطية والسّعة مقارنة بالأجيال السابقة من أنظمة الإتصالات الخلوية. ورغم أن البيئة التي تحتوي على أنواع متعددة من الشبكات المختلفة تعطي معدل سرعة بيانات عالياً وتحسناً في خدمات الوسائط المتعددة ولكن التحدي يتمثل في المناولة من شبكة الى أخرى. خوارزميات المناولة الرأسية بين الشبكات ذات الأنواع المختلفة من أهم مكونات شبكات الجيل الرابع وهذه الخوارزميات يجب أن تصمم لتحقق جودة الخدمات "QoS" المطلوبة لنطاق واسع من التطبيقات دون إنقطاع محسوس للخدمة أثناء المناولة بين الشبكات المختلفة. الهدف من هذا المقترح هو إيجاد طريقة فعّالة للمناولة بين الشبكات وذلك يتم عن طريق تقليل عدد مرات المناولة الغير ضرورية و تقليل زمن التأخير في المناولة وتحسين قوة الإشارة المستقبلة وتقليل الإزدحام في الشبكة وبذلك تتحسن جودة الخدمة. الطريقة المتبعة لإختيارالشبكة التي يناول إليها المستخدم في النموذج المقترح تستخدم معلومات تاريخ مسار المستخدم والخلايا التي زارها سابقاً بالإضافة لطريقة التحليل الهرمي التقليدية. طريقة التحليل الهرمي هي طريقة أُستخدمت لحساب أوزان خصائص الشبكة وهي تحدد مدى أهمية الخاصية للمقارنة بين الشبكات المتاحة على أساس متعدد المتغيرات. أُستخدمت معلومات المسار السابق للمستخدم لتحديد إحتمالية الشبكة التي يجب المناولة إليها وتفيد هذه الطريقة في تقليل عدد مرات المناولة. وأُستعملت طريقة سلسلة ماركوف لوصف إحتمالية المناولة بين الشبكات. أيضا أُستخدمت طريقة توقع القيمة المستقبلية للإشارة وذلك لتوقع إحتمالية المناولة مسبقاً و ذلك لتقليل زمن التأخير في المناولة بين الشبكات. ولتحسين قوة الإشارة المستقبلة أُستخدمت طريقة جديدة لتنعيم الاشارة المستقبلة لتقليل تأثير إضمحلال الإشارة وتحسين جودتها لتجنب المناولة غير الضرورية. من النتائج المتحصل عليها نجد أن الخوارزمية المقترحة تعطي عدد مرات مناولة أقل بنحو 50 % مقارنة بطريقة التحليل الهرمي التقليدية. وأيضا من النتائج نجد أن الإشارة الناتجة لها متوسط فترة إضمحلال أقل بنحو 47 %. كما أن متوسط زمن التأخير في المناولة قد نقص بنحو 40 ملي ثانية نتيجة لعملية التنبوء بقوة الإشارة المستقبلة.
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    Abdominal Masses In Infants & Children
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-26) abdall, Manar Bushra mohamed [untranslated] ; Omer Alamin Mohamed Kheir
    A retrospective study of 100 infant and child presenting with abdominal masses during the period 1990-1997, to Khartoum Teaching and Soba University Hospitals was carried out. Of the 100 patients, 56 were found to have benign abdominal diseases although more than 60% were seriously ill, and 44 were found to have malignant tumours. The commonest malignant abdominal disease was found to be abdominal lymphoma occurring with a total incidence of 36%, the Non- Hodgkin variety predominating. The commonest benign abdominal diseases were intussusception and complicated acute appendicitis (by mass and abscess formation), which occurred with an equal incidence of 25% each. A review of the rest of the cases was done. Abdominal x-rays gave positive findings in more than 65% of patients, proving to be very useful; while IVUs were positive in all patients with urinary tract affection. Ultrasound was a sensitive investigation in experienced hands (92.3% sensitivity). More than 50% of the children with malignant masses presented at first diagnosis with stage III and IV disease.
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    Abdominal Sonographic Findings in Sudanese Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-05) Nasir, EL Bagir Mohamed ; Mutasim Ahmed El Seed ; Radiology
    This is a cross-sectional hospital-based study performed on ninety patients with sickle cell anaemia ( SCA ) who were referred to sickle cell clinic at Khartoum paediatirc emergency hospital .Our goal was to throw light on ultrasound examination in detecting and managing the abdominal songraphic pattern in patients with SCA. Patients were referred to the U/S department of Khartoum paediatric hospital, and sometimes to Ibn Siena hospital and Yastabshiron medical center when further investigations like doppler or second opinion were needed. 28 patients ( 31.1%) belong to Messeria while the rest of the patients belong to variety of tribes. Sixty nine of the patients located in western Sudan,15 in central and the rest were from other parts of Sudan . Ultrasuond revealed (58.9%) patients with abnormal spleen. Splenomegaly in three patients (3.3% ). One of the patients less than two years old . Hypoechoic lesions in (7.8%) of patients. Three females and four males. Asplenic is present in (41.1%) of patients, about 18% were found to be asplenic by the age of 6 month , 54.8 % by the age of 2 years. Single gallstone or small and multible revealed in10 patients,the youngest one was 2.5 years old. The prevalence of gallstone is (11.1%) and it incresed steadily with age, it is10% in the age group 0- 5 and it reached 35% in those above 10 years . vii The liver was enlarged in 79 patients. (41.8 %) less than 5 yeas old , the rest (58.2% ) were between 5-16 years. One patient had multible hypoechoic liver lesion proved to be an abscess and drained in Ibn Sienaa Hospital Ultrasound showed normal renal parenchymal echogenicity in 95.6% of patients. Only four children present with diseased kidney ,two patients (2.2 %) presented with hyperechoic kidneys one has loss of corticomedallary differentiation , died later of chronic renal failure . Anothr patient had mixed lesion IVP was done for him and excretory pyelography showed a small round collection of contrast material in an area of missing papillary tip, possible acute papillary necrosis . An important feature of diagnostic ultrasound, is its apparent safety, with no ionizing radiation ,noninvasive, cheaper and portable, but it is an operator dependent.
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    Ability of Four Bacterial Isolates to Solubilize Phosphate, Produce Indole Acetic Acid and Promote Growth of Abu 70 (Sorghum bicolor L.) In vitro
    (University of Khartoum, ) Osman Mustafa Ahmed Osman ; Mai Mohammed Osman Deiab Ahmed
    Phosphate solubilizing bacteria are used as plant growth promoters. Therefore in this study, the ability of four bacterial isolates belong to three genera, namely Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Rhizobium (Sh) isolated from Demonstrative Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum (Shambat soil), Khartoum state and Rhizobium (Ns) isolated from Demonstrative Farm of Research Station, Authority of Merowe Dam Area for Agricultural Development, Northern state, to solubilize phosphate and produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and their effect on sorghum seedlings were evaluated. The isolates were grown on ammonium yeast extract glucose (AYG) broth, in batch culture to analyze the concentration of soluble phosphate, with simultaneous measurement of the changes in pH. The activity of alkaline Phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1) was determined using para-nitro phenyl phosphate as substrate. IAA production was measured in broth batch culture (YEM for rhizobia and Nutrients broth for Bacillus and Paenibacillus). Pots trial arranged in a factorial complete randomized design was conducted with five treatments and four replicates to determine the effect of isolates on growth and phosphate content of sorghum seedlings in sterile and non-sterile soils. Results showed that the highest concentration of soluble phosphate was obtained by Bacillus (170 mg L-1) followed by Paenibacillus (155 mg L-1), Rhizobium Sh (147.27 mg L-1) and Rhizobium Ns (140 mg L-1). The pH was reduced from the initial values 7 to 4.25, 4.38, 4.38 and 4.45 by Paenibacillus, Rhizobium Sh, Rhizobium Ns and Bacillus sp., respectively. Alkaline phosphatase activity ranged between 1.5 µmol min-1 for Rhizobium Ns to 0.55 µmol min-1 for Bacillus. While in IAA production, Rhizobium Ns produced the highest amount and Paenibacillus represented the lowest amount. The phosphate content of sorghum seedlings was increased significantly with bacterial inoculation. However, shoot length and dry weight were not affected significantly except for Rhizobium Sh and Bacillus in shoot length and Rhizobium Sh and Paenibacillus in dry weight compared to uninoculated treatments in both non-sterile and sterile soils. The phosphate content of sorghum seedlings in non-sterile soil was significantly higher compared to sterile soil. Nevertheless, the Rhizobium Ns achieved the highest seedlings phosphate content (approximately double the uninoculated) among other inocula. It concludes that the four bacterial isolates have the potentiality to serve as inoculants for phosphate solubilization and plant growth promoting bacteria. Response of different crops to the inoculation with these bacterial isolates is crucial to be further studied : البكتيريا المذيبة للفوسفات تستخدم ايضاً كمحفز لنمؤ النبات’ لهذا فقد أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم مقدرة أربع عزلات بكتيرية تتبع لثلاثة اجناس وهي Bacillus sp وPaenibacillus وRhizobium sp. (Sh) المعزولة من المزرعة الإيضاحية، كلية الزراعة، جامعة الخرطوم (تربة شمبات) بولاية الخرطوم وRhizobium sp. (Ns) المعزولة من المزرعة الإيضاحية لمحطة بحوث هيئة تطوير الزراعة بمنطقة سد مروي، الولاية الشمالية، على إذابة الفوسفات و إنتاج إندول حامض الخليك (IAA) ، كما قيم ايضاً تأثير هذه العزلات على بادرات الذرة الرفيعة (ابوسبعين). زرعت العزلات على مرق الأمونيا ومستخلص الخميرة والجلوكوز (AYG) بطريقة الإستزراع على دفعات لدراسة تركيز الفوسفات المذاب، متزامناً معها قياس التغير في الاس الهيدروجيني كما قدر نشاط إنزيم الفوسفاتيز القلوي( EC3.1.3.1) باستخدام ركيزة رباعي نيترو فينايل الفوسفات (para-nitro phenyl phosphate). كذلك قيس إنتاج IAA بمرق مستخلص الخميرة والمانيتول لل(Rhizobia) وبالمرق المغذي لل( Bacillus وPaenibacillus .( اجريت تجربة في أصص بتصميم عاملي كامل العشوائية بخمس معاملات ذات اربع مكررات، لمعرفة تأثيرالتلقيح بالعزلات البكتيرية على النمو والمحتوى الفوسفاتي لبادرات الذرة الرفيعة في التربة المعقمة وغير المعقمة .أوضحت النتائج أن الحصول على أعلى تركيز للفوسفات المذاب عند نهاية التجربة كان متحصلاً عليه من Bacillus 170( ملجم للتر) تليها Paenibacillus 155) ملجم للتر) ثم Rhizobium Sh 147.27) ملجم للتر) و ) Rhizobium Ns140 ملجم للتر). كذلك إنخفض الاس الهيدروجيني من القيمة الإبتدائية 7 إلى 4.25 و 4.38 و 4.38 و 4.45 من قبل Paenibacillus و Rhizobium Sh و Rhizobium Ns وBacillus تباعاً . أعلى نشاط لإنزيم الفوسفاتيز القلوي كان (1.5 ميكرومول للدقيقة) لبكتيريا Rhizobium Ns تليها Rhizobium Sh بنشاط إنزيم (1.12 ميكرومول للدقيقة) ثم Paenibacillus (0.71 ميكرومول للدقيقة) واخيراً Bacillus (0.55 ميكرومول للدقيقة). بينما في تجربة انتاج IAA كانت Rhizobium Ns الأعلى انتاجاً بينما كانت Paenibacillus الأقل إنتاجاً. محتوى بادرات الذرة الرفيعة من الفوسفات زاد معنوياً مع التلقيح البكتيري. بينما لم يتأثر طول المجموع الخضري والوزن الجاف معنوياً باستثناء Rhizobium Ns وBacillus في طول المجموع الخضري و Rhizobium Ns و Paenibacillus في الوزن الجاف مقارنةً بالبادرات غير الملقحة (الشاهد) في كلٍ من التربة المعقمة و غير المعقمة. لكن بادرات الذرة الرفيعة في التربة غير المعقمة كانت ذات محتوى فوسفاتي أعلى معنوياً من التربة المعقمة. وبالرغم من ذلك فإن Rhizobium Ns حققت أعلى محتوى فوسفات للبادرات (الضعف تقريباً) مقارنة باللقاحات الاخرى. خلصت الدراسة إلى أن العزلات البكتيرية الأربع يمكن استخدامها كبكتيريا مذيبة للفوسفات وكمحفزة لنمو النبات. استجابة محاصيل مختلفة للتلقيح بهذه العزلات البكتيرية مصيري للمزيد من الدراسات.
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    Abnormal Antigens in Breast Cancer Tissues and Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Against one of these Antigens
    (university of khartoum, 2015-04-12) Mohammed Elimam Ahamed Mohammed ; Abdelrahim Osman Mohamed ; Medical Biochemistry
    Back ground Breast cancer is associated with up regulation, down regulation of normal antigens or abnormal antigens. These antigens are very useful candidates as targets for the different breast cancer therapies and for vaccination trials. Objectives This study was done to characterize abnormal antigens, extract one of them and to produce monoclonal antibodies against the extracted antigen. Methods One hundred and twenty Sudanese female patients were included in this study after informed consent. The mean age was 47.2 years (16-80). Two tissue samples were obtained from each patient and they were confirmed as normal and cancerous breast tissues microscopically. 2D PAGE was used to analyze the protein content of samples. LC/MS and nr.fasta database search were used for separation and identification of the abnormal proteins. Results Three different patterns of 2D PAGE results were obtained, the first pattern involved detection of four abnormal proteins in 26.7% of the patient cancerous tissues while they were undetected in the normal tissues of the same patients. In the second 2D PAGE result pattern the cancerous and the normal tissues of 67.5% patients were identical and they did not contain the four abnormal proteins while the third 2D PAGE pattern involved the presence of two abnormal antigens (from the four) in the cancerous tissues of 5.8% of the patients and they were absent from the normal tissues of the same patients. The four abnormal proteins were identified as, human Thioredoxin (D60n XII mutant), X-ray crystal structure of human galectin-1, retrocopy of tropomyosin 3(rcTPM3) and beta-tropomyosin (isoform 2). The primary and the secondary structures were obtained from the SWISSPROT and the PDB databases. Beta-tropomyosin spot was extracted and used as antigen for monoclonal antibody production. Monoclonal antibody against betatropomyosin with a concentration of 0.35mg/ml and a G11 anti betatropomyosin hybridoma cell line were produced. The monoclonal antibody was with single band and approximately 30 KDa molecular weight. However, some tests were done to determine the specificity of the produced monoclonal antibody. Conclusions In conclusion, breast cancer tissues are associated with abnormal antigens, but with low incidence rate; this strongly favors the individualization of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment
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    Abnormalities of Platelet Aggregation Function in Classic Myeloprolifrative Neoplasm
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-31) Ahmed,Reem Eltayeb Mohamed ; Abdel Salam Ibrahim Bashier ; Hematology and Immunohematology
    The thrombotic and hemorrhagic diathesis represents a frequent complication in myeloproliferative Neoplasm’s (CMPNs). They are correlated with the number of platelets, and also with their qualitative disorders, and with the impact of JAK2 mutation.
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    Abortion Care
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-29) Mohammed,Yasir Salih ; Abdelsalam Gerais
    Background: Worldwide, about 37% of all pregnancies end in spontaneous or induced abortions. Approximately 20 million unsafe abortions, leading to about 70,000 deaths, occur annually. Presence of effective post- abortion care is vital in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity due to abortion complications. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to asses the quality of post abortion care provided in Khartoum State hospitals and to determine client characteristics that may affect presentation and service provision. Patients and methods: A descriptive observational study conducted in Khartoum State during the period from January to March in the year 2003. The study included three hospitals with busy obstetrics and gynaecology departments. Three hundred and seventy eight women presenting and diagnosed as abortion patients were included consequently as they present . Data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. Results: Out of the 378 women included, 64.55% of were incomplete abortion patients, 69.58% were between the age of 20 – 35 years, 85.98% were housewives, 45.50% attended basic schools, 28.31% attended secondary schools, 44.97% have one to four children, 22.22% having five to eight children and 65.87% of them having unskilled free laborers husbands. - 6 - Management of abortion cases adopted surgical metal curettage ( 65.87%) with a mean hospital stay of about 8.98±1.95 hours. Only 8.73% were counseled on family planning although 88.09% were not planning to conceive immediately. 88.09% were not told to come back for follow up. Client satisfaction regarding the service was high. Only 3.7% were not satisfied. Conclusion: No clear protocol for managing abortion cases was found and management lacks provision of family planning services and post abortion counseling, despite the demonstrated need.
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    Above and Below-Ground Competition for Resources Between Sesbania Species and Maize (Zea mays).
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-22) Niemat Abd Alla, Saleim ; Khalid Aamir Osman ; Silviculture
    This study was conducted at ICRAF field station in Machakos, Kenya, October 1994 – February 1995. It was designed to determine the relative importance of the above and below-ground competition between three Sesbania species (S. sesban, S. macrantha and S. goetzei) and maize (Zea mays). The study also related the rooting patterns of the different Sesbania species. To separate above and below-ground competition guy-wiring and root barrier treatments were used to remove shade and root competition respectively. For each of the Sesbania species, free growth, where both roots and shade are present, guy-wiring and root barrier treatments were used. Sole maize was used as control. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and three replications. In each plot a single row of Sesbania was planted at 0.5m inter-row spacing. Six maize rows were planted at 0.3m inter-row spacing and 0.75m inter-row spacing. Maize yield components, light interception, and Sesbania growth parameters were monitored during October 1994 – February 1995. Soil moisture content was monitored in S. sesban and sole maize treatments. Root length density was studied in guy-wiring treatments of S. sesban and S. macrantha. Number of roots on the profile wall was studied in the free growth treatment of the three species. Our results indicated that both S. sesban and S. macrantha have negatively affected maize growth and yield. Maize height and yield were found to increase with increasing distance from trees. Soil moisture content was lower in rows near trees compared to those far from trees. More light was intercepted in rows near trees. Therefore competition for resources between S. macrantha and S. sesban and maize was due to both above and below-ground competition, higher yields were obtained in root barrier treatments compared to other treatments. Therefore, below-ground effect of S. goetzei on maize yield was minor. This is because more than 50% of this species were missing. The study of root system indicated that S. sesban has higher root length density compared S. macrantha.
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    Absorber Loaded Pyramidal Horns
    (University of Khartoum, ) H.R. Sharobim ; Electrical and Electronic Engineering
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    Absorption Profile And Bioequivalence Of Two Locally Manufactured Cephalexins
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-06) Elawad,Zuheir Abdelrahman ; Sumia Sir Elkhatim Mohamed ; Pharmaceutics
    The disposition of three locally manufactured oral Cephalexins (two capsules and a suspension) was assessed by estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters and bioavailability metrics of their constituent (Cephalexin monohydrate), in healthy subjects in comparison with the innovator's brand (Keflex ® ). The study was carried out at the Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum. Ten healthy adult volunteers were included in the study following fulfillment of itsinclusion and exclusion criteria. A randomized three-way and two-way cross over design was performed. Blood samples were collected at specified time after medication with a single dose of cephalexin (2 capsules or 10 ml suspension). Concentrations of cephalexin were measured in plasma by HPLC method using cefotaxim as an internal standard. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the plasma concentrationtime data. The pharmacokinetic parameters(Mean ± SD) of cephalexin following administration of keflex ® capsules, capsules B and capsules C were estimated as Tmax1.10 ± 0.29h, 1.15 ± 0.32h and 1.15 ± 0.32h, Cpmax25.56 ± 6.72µg/ml, 23.95 ± 11.09µg/ml and 13.17 ± 6.97 µg/ml, AUC 45.39 ± 14.94µg.h/ml, 53.48 ± 19.58µg.h/ml and 23.26 ± 12.31 µg.h/ml, MRT 1.99 ± 0.3h, 2.44 ± 0.65h and 1.97 ± 0.3h, Ke 0.709 ± 0.11 h -1 , 0.65 ± 0.14 h -1 and 0.732 ± 0.128 h -1 . t½1.0 ± 0.18 h, 1.11 ±0.22 h and 0.97 ± 0.15 h. CL/F 23.86 ± 6.4 L/h, 21.36 ± 8.56 L/h and 29.59 ± 20.98 L/h. Vd/F 33.87 ± 9.18 L, 35.48 ± 20.22 L and 42.51 ± 35.73 L. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Mean ±SD) of Keflex® suspension and suspension E are in the following order Tmax0.84 ± 0.35 h and 0.90± 0.17 h, Cpmax38.32 ± 4.74 µg/ml and 35.51 ± 11.52 µg/ml, iii AUC∞52.67 ± 10.12µg.h/ml and 54.17 ± 11.52µg/ml, MRT 1.53 ± 0.2h and 1.56 ± 0.19h, Ke 0.87 ± 0.09 h -1 and 0.9 ± 0.08h -1 , T½ 0.81 ± 0.08 h and 0.78 ± 0.07h, CL/F 17.99 ± 3.46 L/h and 21.41 ± 9.88 L/h, Vd/F 20.82 ± 3.7 L and 23.94 ± 10.79 L. Statistical analysis using student'st-test showed that there are no statistically significant differences in all pharmacokinetic parameters between locally manufactured capsules B an C comparedto capsules A (Keflex ® capsules) and suspension E from the local industry compared to reference suspension D (Keflex ® suspension). The relative bioavailability ofcapsules B and capsules C in comparison with the standard brand Keflex ® capsules were 117. . 8 % and 102.48.%, respectively. On the other hand the relative bioavailability of suspension E in comparison with Keflex ® suspension was 102.84%. The study concluded that the absorption profiles and disposition patterns of the locally produced test formulations is highly comparable with that of the standard brands. The tested generics are equally dispositional as the standard brands and gave same plasma level. It is expected that locally manufactured brands will achieve same clinical efficacy as that of the innovator’s brand. Consequently they can be considered bioequivalent with the standard brands and accordingly can be used interchangeably.
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    Abundance and Biomass of Epigeal Predatory Arthropods of Berseem (Medicago sativa) Field in Shambat
    (University of Khartoum, ) Elzain Ali Elfaig ; Hamadttu A. F. Elshafie ; Crop Protection
    This study was done in the season 2002 – 2003 in alfalfa ecosystem in the field near Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat. The objectives of the study is the abundance and biomass of epigeal predatory arthropods feed on insect pests of alfalfa in the field area. Our study used two different methods for the collection, pitfall traps and square flooding methods. The methods were varied at results; also agronomical climatical factors may influence the persistence and dispersal of insect’s pests and the predatory arthropods in alfalfa ecosystem. Also the study determines the biomass of surface predatory arthropods collected in alfalfa field area estimated as kg/feddan. The study found the biomass of spiders 52.25 kg/feddan, carabids 21.58 kg/feddan, Staphylinids 18.22 kg/feddan, Hymenoptera 36.36 kg/feddan and Orthoptera 39.11 kg/ feddan. The total number of predatory arthropods collected by means of pitfall traps at different dates, Araneae 54, Coleoptera 24, Orthopetra 10, Hymoneptera 23 and others 3. while the total number collected through the square flooding method; Orthopetra 4, Araneae 7, Coleopetra 15, Hymonoptera 17 and others 8.
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    The Abyei Development Project A case Study of Cattle Herders in the Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, ) Lual Acuek Lual Deng ; -
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    Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd: Capacity For Vegetative Propagation And Seed Physiology
    (UOFK, 2015-06-28) El Basheir, Yahia Hamid Ali ; Sayadat El Tigani ; Mohamed Ahmed Ali ; Botany
    Seed polymorphism (weight and size differences) in Acacia senegal (L.) willd. seed samples, collected from low and high yield trees/denoted by B and A respectively, its effects on germination percentages and shoot growth performance have been demonstrated. Seedlings grown from high yield seed samples (A) showed superiority in all growth parameters measured as compared to that of seedlings grown from low yield seed samples (B). Significant difference was shown between the two samples of seed, whereby the calculated difference was about 30% between the two means in weight per gram. Mean values ± S.E were, 11.7±0.28 and 8. 70±0 .15 gram for 100 seed/sample respectively. Other seed parameters were also measured and determined. Vegetative propagation experiments, stem cuttings, in-vitro shoot regeneration, callus initiation / growth and development were conducted. Stem cuttings were taken from trees of different ages and specifications, treated with 10/ 100 and: 000 mg/l 3-indolebutyric acid(IBA). Stem cuttings treated with 100 mg/l IBA showed vigorous growth of shoot, also the number of roots and their lengths were highly significant than with the other concentrations. Rooting percentage was 16.7% for old explant and 10% for younger ones / and successful rooting was obtained during winter and autumn. In-vitro germination, micro propagation and somatic embryogenesis of A. senegal tissues have been also demonstrated. Explant was excised from apical and axillary shoots. Shoot regeneration was obtained with the various concentrations of the growth regulators (l-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin). The multiplication rate obtained was low (xl and x2) in-spite of the various treatments, and the shoot regenerated showed high mortality rate due to the small number of shoots per explants. Explants of different ages and origins were excised for callus initiation and development. The callus was formed at the basal cut end of the explant with varying intensities and coloration, with the various concentrations of NAA and cytokinin seed. Sequential sub culturing showed a high capability of A. senegal callus tissue for differentiation and development ovulation, pre-embryo, endospermic cells and whole mounts of mature embryos with their shoot and root apices were demonstrated. The results represented In this study should encourage the continuation on investigation on the various aspects leading to enhancing and increasing application of vegetative propagation methods for A. senegal.