Department of Chemistry

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http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/handle/123456789/26900

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    Determination of Cu, Zn, Co, and Pb in A Sudanese Medicinal and Aromatic Plant
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-13) Limiaa Suliman Elnoor Abu Addry ; Mohamed Galal Mohamed ; Department of Chemistry
    This work was performed to evaluate the level of heavy toxic element in Calotropis procera plants (عشر). Stems, leaves and fruits of calotrois procera plants were collected from the Khartoum State and analyzed for Cu, Zn, Pb, and Co using AAS.The concentrations (ppm) obtained were 19.01 for Cu, 18.66 for Pb, 0.98 for Zn and 0.14 for Co in Omdurman area , toum area , and 20.36 for Cu , 15.58 for Pb , 1.07 for Zn and 0.07 for cobalt in Khartoum North area .The data obtained was compared with data from literature. The statistical analysis revealed the ability of the Calotropis procera plant to absorb and accumulate high levels of lead( Pb) and copper ( Cu) and low levels of cobalt and zinc ( Zn). The accumulation of elements in Calotropis procera plant as a clue for pollution was also calculated, some elements are slightly enriched in some sites like copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). ANOVA indicated that calotropis procera accumulated heavy metals in the order Cu> Pb> Zn>Co, where as the ratio of their concentrations were 58.73 ,48.91 ,3.42 and 0.31 ,respectively. High heavy metal concentrations in the study area coincided with sites of heavy industrialization, mining and sewage sludge discharge الخلاصة الخرطوم بولاية التلوث مدي لتقييم الدراسة هذه اجريت)امدرمان, الخرطوم,شمال الخرطوم(,اشتملت التي العينات بعض تحليل تم وقد ساق على,أوراقالعشر نبات وثمار,النحاس عناصر تراكيز فقيست, الرصاص,التحليل طريقة باستخدام والكوبالت الخارصينالكيميائي طالذرى الامتصاص يف. التحليل نتائج مقارنة تمتبالأدبياتوعالميا محليا السابقة. التحليل استخدمالاحصائىANOVAلمقارتم التى النتائج نة عليها الحصولالتراكيز كانت وقد الز كر سالفة بالطريقة19.01لعنصر النحاس,18.66الرصا لعنصرص,0.98و الخارصين لعنصر0.14 لعو امدرمان بمنطقة الكوبالت نصر19.37النحاس لعنصر,14.69 الرصاص لعنصر,1.37و الخارصين ل عنصر0,10الكوبالت لعنصر النحاس من كل تركيز كان و الخرطوم بمنطقة وذلك20.36الرصاص و 15.58والحارصين1.07الكوبالت و0,07شمال الخرطوم بمنطقة. الكيميائى التحليل اثبت لقدله العشر نبات ان معا الاحصائى والتحليل من عالية كميات تراك م و امتصاص على المقدرةالثقيل العناصرة ومرتبة ال عناصر تراكيز وكانت العناصر نفس من منخفضة كميات كالاتى:- النحاس<الرصاص<الزنك<الكوبالت,)58,73,<48,91, <3,42 , <0,31.( ا تراكم مستوى تحديد تمالتلوث لمستوى كمؤشر العشر نبات فى لعناصر عنصرى خاصة نسبيا عالية تراكم معدلات ذات العناصر بعض ووجدت الرصاص و النحاس. فى يتركز الدراسة بمنطقة الثقيلة العناصر بعض تراكيز ارتفاعالأما كن ذاتالمصانعالكثيرة,البوا مياه تفريغ مجاري و التعدينليع.
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    Environmental Impact of Some Trace Elements Emission from the Work Environment of Atbara Cement Factory and Atbara Rialway Foundry
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-14) Sumia Ahmed Mohamed, Nimir ; Mohamed Ahmed Hassan ; Department of Chemistry
    This work was performed to evaluate the chemical pollution level by some trace elements at the work environment of Atbara Cement Factory (ACF) and Atbara Railway Foundry (ARF). Samples of soil and air were collected from the two sites study, ACF and ARF. To assess the environmental impact of these industrial complexes, the samples were collected from sites expected to be free from industrial emission to serve as control. Plant samples were also collected from (ACF) and the control site. The samples were analyzed and the concentrations of K, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were determined using three analytical techniques: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), X-Ray, Fluorescence (XRF), and Flame Emission Photometry (FEP). Soil samples were chemically fractionated using separation methods and the solutions were analyzed using AAS methods and FEP to determine the chemical form of the elements. The quality of the data was achieved through the analysis of certified reference materials. The results of this study were compared with previous literature. The data were treated by calculating enrichment factor and statistically by multivariate analysis such as, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The findings of the study were concluded as follows. -The effect of emission from both sites is very clear when the concentrations of the studied trace elements in soil and air samples are compared with the respective concentrations at the control site. Higher values of these elements are found at ARF and slightly high at ACF. The elements which can be attributed to industrial emission are noticeably higher at ARF, for example Cu is forty times as higher as compared to the control site. While Zn is slightly high and Pb is very high. -The same remarks are further confirmed by enrichment factor calculation. For soil samples enrichment factor was obtained for two groups of elements: the enriched group includes the elements Pb, Cu and Zn which have enrichment factors higher in ARF than in (ACF); the non enriched group includes K, Na, Fe and Mn. For air samples the elements Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb are enriched at ARF and ACF. The elements K and Fe are non-enriched in the two sites. -These findings were also consolidated by the application of factor analysis. For soil samples factor analysis led to two sources for elements: soil material for the elements Na, K, Fe and Mn, and industrial source for the elements Cu, Zn and Pb. As for air samples there are two main groupings of sources. Group one was comprised of industrial emission of K, Cu, Zn, Mn and Pb. The second group of sources contained Mn and Fe which are associated with resuspension of soil dust. Some elements were associated with more than one factor indicating that there were more than one source. Therefore, the particulate in air at ARF and ACF sites are dominated by an industrial emission and soil dispersion of the crustal elements. -As for data of plant samples which were collected from ACF and control site, the concentration ratios (CR) for the elements were calculated. Plants at ACF show a comparatively high CR than at the control site in the most of investigated elements. All these findings point clearly to the presence of environmental chemical pollution by the elements Na, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb as the a result of emission from ACF and ARF. Finally in view of findings of this study, the investigator concluded with some recommendations as follows: -Technical measures such as dust separation must be applied at ACF. Protective clothing for workers must be found at ACF and ARF to protect from chemical pollution. -Workers at ACF and ARF must be given medical care. -It is important to rehabilitate the base of ARF so as to reduce this contamination with the polluting elements
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    Phytochemical Study of the Flavonoids of Aacacia nilotica var astingens
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-14) Nafisa Awad El - Gazali ; Mohamed Abd-El-kareem ; Department of Chemistry
    The barks of Acaica nilotica var astringens were extracted with 95% ethanol. Qualitative tests on the alcoholic extractives were negative for alkaloids and positive for steroids, tannins and flavonoids. Fractionation of the alcoholic extract over silica gel using acetone: methanol (4:1) gave a pure compound-compound I. The structure of compound I was deduced on the basis of its IR, UV, NMR and mass spectra and the following structure was suggested لخلاصـــة القرض لحاء استخلص لقد)عريضة أبو(الإثـانول بواسـطة.وأثبتـت والاسترويدات التنينات الفلافونيدات، ووجود القلويدات وجود عدم الاختبارات. الرقيقة الطبقة بكروموتوغرافيا الكحولي المستخلص تنقية عند)مع سليكا استون المذيب–ميثانول1:4.( مركب فصل تم-1بصورعلـى بناء المركب هذا تركيب حدد وقد نقية، ة النـووي الـرنين البنفـسجية، فـوق والأشـعة الحمراء، تحت الأشعة أطياف التالي التركيب واقترح الكتلة وطيف المغنطيسي
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    Phytochemical Study Of The Flavonoids of Acacia Nilotica Var Tomentosa
    (university of khartoum, 2015-05-25) Elmoiz Ali Eltayeb Mohammed ; Abdalla Awad Abdalla ; Department of Chemistry
    The flavonoids are the largest group of naturally occurring phenols. They are recognized by their hydrophilic nature and by their common origin from shikimic acid1
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    Synthesis and Characterization of Environmentally-Friendly Composites from Polypropylene and Some Esterified Plant's Fibers
    (University of Khartoum, 2022-06) Eiman Mubarak Eltyeb Mohammed Elnoor
    Abstract This study was aimed to synthesize and characterize environmentally-friendly composites from polypropylene and some esterified plant's fibers extracted from khimp (Leptadenia pyrotechnica), leaves and fibers of date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The study employed Soxhelt extraction, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR spectroscopy and MFR. The study was conducted into four stages (each of them followed by characterization with suitable analytical methods): firstly; extraction of plant's fibers by a differential extraction technique. Secondly; esterification of the extracted fibers with citric and adipic acids via heterogeneous esterification to avoid the decomposition of the esterified fibers. Thirdly; reinforcement of polypropylene with the esterified fibers to form the target composites by the injection molding technique using a modified manually operated injection molding machine. After that the physical properties of the prepared composites were studied. Finally; biodegradability of the synthesized composites has been tested. Results of fibers' extraction showed that khimp, leaves and the date palm trees' fibers contained crude fibers with percentages of: 73.6%, 57.8% and 83.3%, respectively. In addition, qualitative screening of extracts proved that each of the samples studied contained some phytochemicals. The degree of esterification was determined for each esterified fiber and the results were in the range of 0.38 -0.57. A total of 24 composites in the form of sheets were synthesized. The results also proved that the synthesized composites were biodegradable and could be environmentally-friendly. It is recommended to examine the biodegradation in natural environment to assess its efficiency. المُستخلص هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحضير و تشخيص بوليمرات مُركبة صديقة للبيئة من البولي بروبيلين و بعض الألياف النباتية المؤسترة التي تم استخلاصها من نبات المرخ )ليبتادينيا النارية)، أوراق و ألياف أشجار نخيل البلح (فينيكس داكتيليفيرا ل.). استخدمت الدراسة الإستخلاص بالسوكسليت، مطيافية الأشعة فوق البنفسجية و المرئية ، مطيافية الأشعة تحت الحمراء و جهاز قياس معدل التدفق . تم إجراء الدراسة في أربع مراحل (تبع كل واحدة منها تشخيص بإستخدام طريقة مُناسبة للتحليل): أولاً ؛ استخلاص الألياف النباتية بتقنية الاستخلاص التفاضلي. ثانيًا؛ أسترة الألياف المستخلصة بحمضي الستريك و الأديبيك عن طريق الأسترة غير المُتجانسة لمنع تفكك الألياف المؤسترة. ثالثاً؛ أستخدمت الألياف المؤسترة في تعزيز البولي بروبيلين لتكوين البوليمرات المُركبة المُستهدفة عن طريق تقنية صب الحقن و ذلك بإستخدام جهاز صب الحق اليدوي المُعدل و تمت دراسة خواصها الفيزيائية. بعد ذلك؛ تم اختبار التحلل الحيوي لكل من البوليمرات المُركبة المُحضرة. أظهرت نتائج الاستخلاص إحتواء نبات المرخ و أوراق و ألياف أشجار نخيل البلح على ألياف خام ذات نسب: 73,6%، 57,8% و 83,3% على التوالي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أثبت المسح الكيفي احتواء كل العينات على بعض المُركبات الكيميائية النباتية. تم تحديد درجة الأسترة لكل من الألياف المُستخدمة و التي تراوحت ما بين 0,38 – 0,57. تم تصنيع 24 بوليمر مُركب على شكل صفائح . أثبتت الدراسة أن البوليمرات المُركبة المُحضرة قابلة للتحلل الحيوي و صديقة للبيئة. يُوصى بإختبار التحلل الحيوي في بيئة طبيعية لتقييم كفاءته.