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    Assessment of Four Antibilharzial Drugs in Children Suffering From Schistosomiasis
    (University of Khartoum, ) Kheir, Kamal mohamed ; GaafarAbnuf Suliman ; 1980
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    Assessment of Ground Water Quality in East KassalaTown.
    ( 2015-03-29) Mohammed, Rasha ; Bashir Mohammed Elhassan ; Environmental Health
    Kassala state is one the major states in Sudan, characterized by scarcity in water, the main water supply is underground- water (wells).
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    Assessment of Ground Water Quality in East KassalaTown. Kassala State-Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-10-26) Elhassan, Rasha Mohammed Elamin ; Bashir Mohammed Elhassan
    Kassala state is one the major states in Sudan, characterized by scarcity in water, the main water supply is underground- water (wells). Design : This study was conducted as Cross-sectional descriptive study. Setting : in East Kassala Town . Objective: to assess the quality of ground water in East Kassala Town during the period from 2/2009 to 2/2010 Methods: 28wells were selected in the study area; 84 Samples of water were collected for seasonal variation (winter, summer, autumn), the samples were transported to the laboratory of Drinking Water Corporation in Kassala to be analyzed for the chemical, physical and bacteriological examination,and sanitary condition around the boreholes. Results: The findings of the study showed that, all Boreholes were safe regarding chemical quality parameters (PH- F- Fe - T.D.S - Hardness -NO3 - NH4-SO4); with concentration within the guidelines of (W.H.O) and (S.S.M.O).The results indicated that the physical quality parameters (conductivity-turbidity ) and the bacteriological analysis of all samples revealed that total coliform and E.coli ( was negative in all seasons ).were within the allowable guideline of (W.H.O) and (S.S.M.O). The sanitary condition around the boreholes shows unsatisfactory and may pose threats to the safety of water wells; 96% of boreholes were located at distance of less 50 m from latrines, which is less than the recommended, and 57% of wells in the study area contamination risk score is high, 43% contamination risk score is intermediate. The fact that the constructional features of these boreholes which is characterised by double filters in their casings . and that most of these boreholes are new can explain the good quality of their water irrespective of their distances however in the future these boreholes might be influenced and hence periodic analysis is required. Recommendation : The study recommends the prevention of ground water pollution; enforcement of laws and regulations effective protection programmer coordination between sectors (government, private, local, others) concerning ground water safety; increasing of public awareness and community participation in water programmers; further studies addressing the subject of ground water pollution focusing on on-site wells used to dispose of the effluent
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    Assessment of Groundwater in the State of Khartoum Using Water Quality Index
    (University of Khartuom, 2016-02-10) Suleiman, Ohaila Awad Elkarim Ibnouf ; Abdelshakor Awad Elkarim Mohamed ; Chemical Engineering
    Annually the State of Khartoum faces vertical and horizontal extension due to rapid growth in population. 50% of its total water supply comes from groundwater resources. For this reason, the main objective of this research is to assess the quality of groundwater in the State of Khartoum for drinking and domestic purposes using a technique of water quality index (WQI). There are different formulae for calculating water quality index (WQI) of which two methods were used in this study, National Sanitation Foundation Index (NSF-WQI) and Weighted Arithmetic Index (WA-WQI). This was carried out by collecting groundwater samples from 53 boreholes scattered in Khartoum, Omdurman, Khartoum North districts in January and February 2013. Physical and chemical analysis were carried out to determine the appearance, taste, odor, temperature, pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, chloride, fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, iron, calcium, and magnesium using the standard methods. Nine of them were used to calculate their water quality index. The findings of this study revealed that out of 53 boreholes studied using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI), found that 91% water samples were fit for human consumption, were 9% of them found to be unfit for human consumption. Whereas, the assessment of water quality for the same boreholes using another index called Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WA-WQI), found that 82% water samples were fit for human consumption, were 18% of them found to be unfit for human consumption. The assessment of groundwater quality using normal investigation of the physical and chemical properties, statistical analysis, and GIS interpolation, gave approximately similar results when using water quality indices. In this study, this fact renders water quality index (WQI) is a useful tool which summarizes data in a single index to be used to understand the state of groundwater quality. This technique is easy, economic, and quick way to assess the quality of water and facilitates communication with lay person, citizens, and 4Tdecision makers4T. It is therefore, we recommend being use in assessing the quality of groundwater instead of the classical evaluation and also can be applied as well to other water resources.
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    Assessment of Groundwater Resources Ineltaity Area, South of Dongola, North State- Sudan
    (University of Khartuom, 2016-02-29) Eltai, Mohamed Abuagla ; Fathelrahman Ali Bireir ; Geology
    The main goal of this study is to construct a conceptual model describing the groundwater characteristics in the study area. Hence, the detailed objectives could be summarized as follows:To delineate aquifer/aquitard system, to envisage aquifer physical parameters, to determine the groundwater flow pattern and to assess the groundwater quality. A combined methodology have been followed. It includes: the collection of data during field work, analysis and interpretation of the collected samples and materials which have been done via modern techniques and software. The study area is located in the North State – Sudan, between latitudes 180 46` 15.0``N and 180 50` 00.0``N and longitudes 300 11` 36.4`` E and 300 29` 12`` E, covering an area of approximately 400 km2(about 10 km wide and 40 km long). The area is characterized by a desert climate and is generally flat with scattered small outcrops. For the purpose of the study, the study area has been divided into two sub areas; the detailed investigated part of the study area and QaabElbab area. A total of 28 deep high capacity wells were constructed in the former, while the later has been studied using data gathered from only two hand-dug wells. Three main lithological units were regionally identified, these are: Precambrian basement rocks; Cretaceous sedimentary strata and the Quaternary superficial deposits. The water bearing zone is represented by a single, free water table, aquifer. It is composed entirely of sandstone, with which mudstone lenses of variable depths are placed. The thickness of the aquifer has never been determined through the present work, since the deepest borehole (270m) has not reached any basement rock or other impervious layer. The hydraulic parameters (transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient) were calculated from the available pumping test data based on Theis’s and Logan’s methods. Based on Theis’s method, the average hydraulic conductivity is 0.86×10 m/day, the average transmissivity is 1.8×103 m2/day and the average storage coefficient is 2.1×10-2. The local groundwater flow was found to be of two directions (NW and NE), though the regional flow direction is NW. However, the groundwater flow velocity is estimated to be 0.06m/day. The results of the chemical analysis of water samples revealed that the groundwater in the study area is within the permissible limits for drinking usage. The highest concentrations of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and total hardness are shown by QaabElbab samples. While these parameters show lowest concentration at the northern and northwestern sides of the detailed investigated part of the study area, and relatively higher concentrations are recorded at the southeastern side of the study area. The highest pH value was also recorded at QaabElbab area. The major ions (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, SO4-2, Cl- and HCO3-) were analyzed and represented by spatial variation maps. Then these ions have been plotted on Piper trilinear diagram, and groundwater has been classified as [Ca+2 - HCO3-] type. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) has been calculated. It is in the range of 0.56 to 1.44. Then these values have been plotted on the Wilcox diagram which indicates that the groundwater in the study area is excellent for irrigation purposes.
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    Assessment Of Productive And Reproductive Traits And Management Practises In Dairy Farms In Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-09) Ahamed, Eshraga ; Adb El Monem Mukhtar Abu Nikhaila ; Animal Nutrition
    This study was conducted to evaluate the productive and reproductive traits of the dairy sector under different management and husbandry practices in some dairy farms in Khartoum State. The data was collected from 150 dairy farms (survey), randomly selected from different localities within Khartoum state. Information pertinent to dairy management, husbandry practices and preventive measure practices were secured through an extensive questionnaire and direct interview with the owners farms. These farms were divided into two groups in traditional rearing system to compare the two groups in productive and reproductive traits under study. A group (poorly managed farms) and B group (good managed farms) The data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using the computer program (SPSS) Statistical Package for Social Science. A descriptive statistical analysis of the data indicated the following: - The total number of cattle in the 150 herds surveyed was 10189 heads with an overall mean of 67.93± 7.78 head / herd. The study showed that 87.3 % of the total dairy farms surveyed own crossbred cows with varying levels of exotic blood. The exact crossing percentage however was not identified because of lack of breeding records in the majority of the farms. The herd structure was as follow: the number of milking cows was 5957 cow ( 34 % of the total herd ), dry cows was 4227 cow ( 23 % of the total herd ) with an overall mean of 39.71±4.98 cows / herd and 28.18± 3.06 cows / herd respectively. The heifers comprised 13%, and calves (suckling 19%, weaning 11%).The average daily milk production per cow/ day was found to be18.24 ±0.59 Ibs. xi The data showed that the overall mean of the productive and reproductive traits investigated as fallows ; Milk yield per lactation 3993.74±128.59 (Ib), daily milk yield / cow/ day 18.24 ±0.59 (Ib), lactation length 7.32 ± 0.07(months) , dry period 2.01±0.01(months ) , age at first calving 34.69± 0.25(months) , calving interval 12.01 0.03(months), gestation length 279.90±0.1 days) , number of services per conception 1.77± 0.9 Only 33.3% of the farmers owned cultivable lands for growing their own roughages. The study showed the great impact of poor system of feeding from poor sources of fodders, so these affect the productivity and quality of milk. Most of the pens were poorly designed from local material with minimal impact on thermal stresses .Individual calf housing was adopted in only 0.7 % of the farms and most of farms adopted groups housing (98.7%) in which poor environment and non hygienic measures prevail. About (67.3%) practiced identification of calves by name and ear tags. The study showed that (90%) of the total farms studied do not keep farms records, and if exist it included only services records for artificial insemination companies .The records lack accuracy in addition to that poor supervision and insecurity in the farms Furthermore, the study indicated that (35.3%) of the animal owners depend on AI services while (32.7%) natural insemination and combination (32%), indicate that the growth of awareness among farmers about the important of AI. The study pointed to the deterioration of health and spread of diseases. These may be attributed to the lack of veterinary and extension services in the farms, (28% and, 6%) respectively. Comparison between the poorly and good managed farms revealed no significant effects in the main traits studied; The daily milk yield in the two group 18.19±0.63 , 18.50±1.69 (Ib) ; The age at first calving 34.69±0.27 , 35.24±0.73 (month) ; Calving interval 11.99±0.01, 12.14±0.17 (month) ; Gestation period length 279.84±0.11, 280.24±0.24 (days) ; Number of services per conception (N.S.C) 1.80±0.4 , 1.57±0.5 respectively . The finding of the study highlighted most of the constraints that face the dairy sector in Khartoum state.
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    Assessment of Railway Track
    (University of Khartoum, ) Jaber, Moamar Altayib Ajib ; Awad Alkarem Mustafa ; Civil Engineering
    This research is aimed to develop and design of railway tracks, especially rehabilitation of old Railway tracks in Sudan. It focused on reviewing international standard codes for designing more stable railways tracks that allow operation of modern trains with high speed up to 120km/h. This speed will lead to an addition increase in the axial load on the tracks, such that will not be appropriate for the old tracks. This research includes design and rehabilitation of railway tracks of Abu-usher-Wad Medani Sector in Gezira State, as a case study. Noticing that the old railway tracks were loaded on wooden sleepers, which in turn are loaded onto clayey subgrade soil, i.e. there are no subbase or base soils. Laboratory tests were carried out for the layers in the new design. For the subgrade and subbase soils California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Atterberg limits (Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index) were carried out. For the base layer crushed stone was used and tested for Los Angeles Abrasion and density. After obtaining the results of the above tests, it was found that there were two new designs based on stresses obtained from new trains loads. The first design contains subbase layer of CBR=49% and 25cm thick, and crushed stone as base layer of 25cm thick. The second design is only based on compacted subgrade layer of 74cm thickness having a CBR=4%. This research recommended that the first new design should be used in preference to the second design, and indeed the first one was approved and executed. The second design was rejected due to weakness and expansive nature of the soil in Gezira that requires annual maintenance for soil movement during rainy and dry seasons.
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    Assessment of Sand Encroachment in the White Nile State, Sudan using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-11-01) Elhaja, Mohamed Eltom Elhaja Abuelhassan ; Ibrahim Saeed Ibrahim ; Department of Soil and Environment Sciences
    The aim of this study was to assess and monitor sand encroachment, detect land-use and land-cover (LU/LC) changes (1974-2008) in the White Nile State (latitudes 12 58' 37" - 1545' 29" N, longitudes 3154' 38" - 32 53' 50" E), Sudan. Also, the impact of some factors of the climate on the sand encroachment in the study area. Remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS) and field survey were applied. This was done through visual interpretation and digital of satellite imagery (MSS 1974, TM 1986, ETM 2000 and ETM+ 2008). In the field, all features on satellite images were checked and compared with the actual features in the study area. One hundred and seven soil samples were collected to represent different features, together with samples from outside the study area to scan the origin of sand in the study area. Supervised and unsupervised classifications were performed to determine the LU/LC classes. Eolian Mapping Index (EMI) was used to analyze and map the potential vulnerability of soil to wind erosion. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to determine the distribution of vegetation and the changes that occurred during the study period. Change detection analysis was applied to determine changes in LU/LC classes. Some soil physical properties together with heavy sand mineralogy using petrographic microscope were done in the lab. Geostatistical analysis was used to determine distribution of soil physical properties. Correlation analysis was applied to understand the integration and relationship between climatic data, LU/LC classes and sand dunes. One hundred and seven farmers and key-leaders were interviewed to xvii seek their opinion on the sand encroachment, in addition to collect information which can help in classifying the previously images. Ten classes was detected in the study area; namely, water body, dense vegetation, shifting dunes, fixed dunes, rain-fed agriculture on sandy soil, rain-fed agriculture on clayey soil, irrigated agriculture, pasture land, settlement areas and bare land. EMI showed that the vulnerability of the soil to erosion increased during the study period from low to high in some parts of the study area e.g. Wad Elzaki and Al Gutaina towns. The results also showed that there was a wind corridor across the study area penetrating into El Gazira project. NDVI revealed that vegetation significantly deteriorated from 0.6 to .06 and from 0.59 to 0.52 NDVI in the first period and third period respectively, while the second period witnessed re-growth from 0.06 to 0.59 NDVI of vegetation cover. The change detection analysis indicated that fixed dunes were increased from 13.35% to 26.97% during the second period, and decreased from 21.8% to 13.35% and from 26.97 to 6.95% during the first and third periods respectively. Shifting sand dunes increased from 11.42% to 13.31% and from 7.78% to 21.88% in the first and third periods respectively, and decreased from 12.31% to 7.78% during the second period. Also, a direct significant relationship was found among the land-cover factors dense vegetation (r2 0.52), bare land (r2 0.51), postural land (r2 0.50) and sand encroachment in the study area, while the land-use and climate factors had indirect relationship, through their impact on LC factors. Heavy sand mineralogy indicated that the origin of the sand in the area was Nubian Sandston. The study concluded that the study area was exposed to the sand encroachment as a result of the deterioration in vegetation cover and changes in some climate factors xviii as well as changes in land use. Based on the above mentioned findings, the study recommended that more studies are needed to evaluate and monitor sand encroachments and to understand the interaction between the vegetation cover, climate factors and the human activities in the study area. The study also recommended the establishment of shelterbelts and/or windbreaks and that the sand corridor sieving sand into Al Jazeera project should be blocked.
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    Assessment of the Role of Sudanese Specialized Banks in the Development of the Agricultural Engineering Technology in Rahad Scheme
    (University of Khartoum, ) Rahma, Fatima Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed ; Omer Mohamed Eltom Elshami ; Agricultural Engineering
    This study aimed to assess the level and kind of technology adopted by farmers in the irrigated sector and the role of specialized government development banks in promoting and developing them with emphasis on agricultural engineering technologies. Primary and secondary data were collected from Rahad Irrigated Scheme and Agricultural Bank of Sudan by structured questionnaires. Stratified and targeted random sampling were followed to cover 310 farmers and 59 bank employees .Statistical Analysis System (SAS) Program was used to carry out descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test to examine the association between variables. The results showed that finance was the main obstacle to adopt recommended agricultural engineering technologies for 53.4% of the surveyed farmers. The informal finance sources were more dominant for operational cost of farm machinery as indicated by 87.5% of the respondents. Murabahah which is an Islamic and a trade-based mode and defined as Sales Contract at a Profit Markup, was dominant in financing agricultural engineering technologies for 69.6% of the studied respondents .44.4% of the respondents considered Murabahah as inappropriate for financing agricultural engineering technologies and there should be shift towards other financing modes .The study revealed a significant (p=0.03) effect of finance allocated by banks on the agricultural engineering technologies adopted by farmers and a high significant (p=0.0001) relationship between the level of mechanization, practiced by farmer, and the finance that could be secured from specialized banks. Banks should give a special consideration in financing agricultural engineering technologies and innovative programs to help farmers achieving high levels of mechanization in agricultural production. Musharakah is an Islamic mode of finance and a participatory approach in which both partners participate in the management and provision of capital and also share in the profit and loss. The study recommended Musharakah as the most appropriate mode to integrate agricultural engineering technologies in the farming systems of the Rahad irrigated Scheme.
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    Assessment of Vegetation Cover Along the Sudanese Coastal Plane from Suakin to Ashad Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
    (university of Khartoum, 2016-03-23) Nuri, Atiyat Abdalla Fadoul ; Amna Ahmed Hamid
    Vegetation degradation is one of the main factors of desertification. This study applied remote sensing, GIS and other techniques with the objective of assessing vegetation cover in the Sudanese coastal plane (Suakin - Ashad) between 1987 and 2010. I was executed through (1) vegetation cover assessment, (2) investigation of the current vegetation composition and (3) assessment of other factors that influence vegetation degradation in the area. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used in this study, beside field survey and laboratory analysis. Four Landsat TM and ETM+ images, dated 1987, 1999, 2005 and 2010, were used as moderately resolution images. MODIS terra 2000 -2001, 2005-2006 and 2010-2011 time series images were used as low resolution image. Visual interpretation, NDVI and unsupervised classification methods were used to detect and monitor vegetation cover degradation in the study area. High resolution data from IKONOS (Google earth) was also used to map mangrove. One hundred and fifty soil samples were collected and analyzed. Vegetation specie samples were collected from one hundred and twenty observation squares. Vegetation cover was confined to three main belts; those are: Avicennia marina and Arthrocnemum glaucum belt, Suaeda monoica belt and Acacia tortilis and Prosopis chillensis belt. Fourteen species out of the sixty three species were poisonous or unpalatable. The study showed that there were no new species invading the area, but there was a degradation in vegetation cover especially in some species; e.g Avicennia marina, Suaeda monoica, Acacia tortilis and Meraua crassifolia, while there was increase in Prosopis chillensis, Panicum turgidum and Calotropis procera community. Landsat image interpretation indicated that area under vegetation increased during 1987-1999 and 1999-2005 and then decreased during 2005-2010. The same results were obtained by MODIS time series data. Image interpretation of IKONOS satellite data in Google earth indicated degradation in Mangrove (Avicennia marina) zones, especially in Sheik Ibrahim, Sheik Saad and Erim. This results were confirmed by field and interviews. The soil in the study area is characterized by high value of sodium and chlorine compared with other soluble cations and anions, especially in zones 0-2 and 2-4 Km which were significantly different from zone 4-8 Km. Sodium recorded 1432 and 1527 meq/L, while chlorine recorded 1000 and 1524 meq/L in zones 0-2 and 2-4 Km, respectively. Soils of the study area deteriorated from non saline, non sodic in major locations in zones 4-8 and 2-4 Km to strongly saline, strongly sodic in zone 0-2 Km. The ECe was 0.5 and 1.1 dSm-1 in zone 4-8 Km and 2-4 km, respectively. Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) was 3 and 2 in zones 4-8 and 2-4 Km, respectively. The ECe in zone 0-2 Km recorded high values, it was 106 dSm-1 and SAR was 151. The soil has low fertility with low rate of total nitrogen and organic carbon. The maximum value of nitrogen was 0.01% and the maximum value of organic carbon was 0.1%. The study concluded that there is degradation in vegetation cover due to climate, soil salinity and sodicity and human factors. The research recommended set of measures to be taken in order to monitor and control vegetation degradation.
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    Assessment of Vegetation Cover Changes During 1986 -2011, Using Remote Sensing Technique in Kunduwa Forest, South Darfur State, Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-09-15) Ibrahim, Razan Salih Mohammed ; Manal Awad Kheiry ; Forest Management
    The study was conducted in Kunduwa forest and its surroundings in South Darfur State. The main objective was to assess vegetation cover changes, using remote sensing technique. Specifically, the study was intended to map the vegetation cover changes of an area of 20 260.8 hectares during the period 1986 - 2011. Also it aimed to identify the main causes of this change through investigating the role of local and displaced people in the area. Primary data were collected using remote sensing images for the years 1986, 2005 and 2011, as well as a questionnaire and filed observations. Secondary data were collected from published books, reports and internet websites. Subset images were analyzed by ERDAS Imagine 8.5 software. Analysis of light layers spectrums were conducted to identify and locate vegetation cover position based on supervised classification and image enhancement. Accordingly, six classes were obtained as dense forest, mixed trees and shrubs forest, residential areas, agricultural lands, bare lands and water courses (Wadi Nyala). The results indicated that the dense forest area was reduced from 11.7% to 10.8% from 1986 to 2005 and again reduced to 6.8% in 2011. The mixed trees and shrubs forest was 3.3% in 1986 increased to 11.2% in 2005 and decreased to 10.5% in 2011. Residential area witnessed a continuously increase from 18.9% in 1986 to 21.7% in 2005 and again to 24.8% in 2011. Agricultural land area was 44.8% in 1986 decreased to 29.4% in 2005 and 28.6% in 2011. Bare land was consistently increased from 1986 to 2011, while water courses was 5.2% in 1986 decreased to 4.0% in 2005 and increased to 5.5% in 2011. The study found continuous land cover change during the period and it was evidently that these changes were man-made and this is basically, due to over-cutting, over-grazing, charcoal and bricks making, and construction activities. The study concluded that remote sensing technique is an efficient method to detect vegetation cover change in the study area.
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    Assessment Of Water And Sanitation In Malakal City– Republic Of South Sudan
    (university of khartoum, 2015-09-15) Salim, Arif Issa Bunduki ; Bashir Mohammed El-Hassan
    The objective of this study is to assess and upgrade the water supply and sanitation systems in Malakal Town - Republic of Southern Sudan, through the identification of sources, quality and quantity of water supplies and identification of the existing sanitation facilities. The study is a based community descriptive cross-sectional. Four hundred households (out of 15,000) randomly selected was the sample size. A survey, using semi-structured questionnaire, interviews and observations were the research techniques employed. In addition to that a total of 120 water samples were analyzed. A total of eight parameters (five physiochemical; pH, turbidity, Total Iron, total dissolved solids, Conductivity and three bacteriological; total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli using membrane filtration (MF) technique ) were tested for each sample and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. Data were processed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 14.0 and a window excel to execute the tables and figures. It was found that, only 23.5% of households have access to treated water, while 76.5% take untreated water directly from White Nile River. Regarding water containers; 90% used closed and open jerry-cans to collect water, 78.7% used zeers and plastic barrels as storage vessels for water. Moreover, 41.25% of householders clean their containers and 86% of these wash it daily and twice a week, but 80% of containers used were dirty and unhygienic. Also 91.6% of the cleaning was done by females. Furthermore, 62% collect water from sources more than 1 km away from their houses, 60% of respondents were charged for water, and 46.5% of them pay for a pair of jerry-cans a price of SSP 3 – 5, and 55% of those who paid for water expressed the opinion that the tariffs was very high and not affordable. 67% of the respondents face various problems related to water supply, including insufficient potable water supply and 57.8% are having good knowledge about diseases and risk related to contamination and shortages of water. 60.5% of the respondents disinfect only drinkable water, and 80% of them used aluminum sulphate (Alum). Among 120 water samples tested, 95(79%), 89(74.2%), 82(68.3) were positive for total coliform, feacal coliform and E. coli respectively. It was observed that bacterial contamination was maximum in samples from donkey carts (93%) followed by river (86.7%), tap water (69%) and water from storage reservoirs (66.7%). Physico-chemical, parameters revealed that pH was 7.6 – 7.3, turbidity 28 – 32 NTU, TDS 75 – 80 mg/L, Total Iron 1.08 – 1.05mg/L, and Residual Chlorine 0.4 – 00mg/L in treated and untreated water respectively. There is a chronic deficit of 29.6% in actually supplied water according to treatment plant design capacity. The efficiency of the Malakal water treatment plant is rather low (12.5%). As for sanitation facilities; 64% have latrines at home and 97% of the existing latrines are traditional and ventilated improve pit types. Additionally, 56% with pit depth around 2 – 4m and 66% of the family members use latrines properly except the children. Also, 53.7% and 35% of those without toilets use latrines of neighbors, or defecate on the open spaces respectively. In addition, 41.7% of households do not wash hands, after defecation while 27% wash hands with water and soap. Also 87% clean the latrines, and 70% do so once to four times a week. The relationship between treatment of drinking water in households and educational levels, was examined with a chi-square value of 43, resulting in a p-value 0.0001, our results are statistically significant at the 95% level. The association between sanitation facility access and knowledge about water related diseases is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. X2 =37 p-value=0.0002. The relationship is examined between treatment of drinking water in households and knowledge about water related diseases of respondents, with a chi-square value of 39, resulting in a p-value 0.0002; our results are statistically significant at the 95% level In Conclusion water and sanitation conditions in Malakal Town were found unsatisfactory, with no or a few of households’ with access to safe water for drinking, also sanitation facilities are inadequate and unhygienic. Most water in various sources in Malakal is bacteriologically not acceptable. It is recommended to expand the Malakal Water Treatment Plant to produce 15,000m /day; initiate public awareness programmes as prerequisites for improved public health.
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    Assessment of Water Balance Parameters in Roseires Reservoir
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-03) Khalafalla, Mohanad Osman Mustafa ; Kamal Eldin Elsiddig Bashar ; Department of Civil Engineering
    This study is an attempt to closely look at the different aspects of the operation and water balance parameters to have an inside about the whole operation of the reservoir. In addition, to attempt finding accurate balance formula for the system, bearing in mind the part of the intervening catchments. The main objective of this study is to assess the water balance parameters of the Roseires dam and test its operation policy Water balance computation was done for years 1985, 1995 and 2005.The selection of these years goes to the facts that these years have bathymetric survey done in the reservoir. It can be seen from the selection that the interval is ten year which gives good time for changes in water balance to take place and a period of 20 years can be covered. Water balance on daily basis at Roseires reservoir generally performed very well. 98% efficiency was obtained between the observed and water balance estimated outflow on the basis of the three years separately. The water balance for year from 1980 to year 2005 were obtained for the dry season (December to May) of one day interval and compared with the observed discharge at Roseires Station. Based on the estimated discharge efficiency for the orbed during these years, the mass balance computation is updated and the average of R-squared (R2) for the dry season (Dec-May) during the years 1980 – 2005 is about 86%. There is constant average error persistence 1.5 Mm3/day for whole selected dry period. This error could attribute to the seepage loss from the gates during dry period (Dec – May). Analysis showed that the contribution of the intervening catchment to the inflow of the reservoir is negligible as well as the direct rainfall over the reservoir. The study recommends the adoption of the findings in the operation of the Roseires reservoir. For further refinement of the results, a rehabilitation and modernization for Ed Deim station, updating correlations between the discharge (release from Roseires dam) and downstream head of the dam especial in low flow, Evaporation and transmission losses need to be updated and improved.
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    Assessment Of Water Supply & Sanitation For Internally Dicplaced Persons
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-28) Abdel Rahman, Hassan Ahmed Sulieman ; Mohammad Ahmed Adam Khadam ; Department of Civil Engineering
    This research addresses the problem of health conditions of IDPs in Kosti area through drinking water and environmental sanitation status using social data collected through a questionnaire and physical observations of IDPs behaviors in the targeted area. The health data collected through the targeted area health centers reports, and analysis presented that most of the IDPs diseases are Malaria and Diarrheal diseases i.e. water & sanitation related diseases (٦٢٫٣٪ is WRD). Water sources in the targeted area were monitored through ground water monitoring data from the previous water bore holes that dug in or near to the targeted area and tested in a laboratory. The water is found unfit for human consumption according to Sudanese standards (١٩٩٣). Sanitation status in the area is not critical due to availability of pit latrines constructed by ADRA and its partners during this year (٢٠٠٣), but the quality of pit latrines should be improved to cope the soil characteristics of the targeted area. The study concluded that a sustainable solutions can be set for water to be treated in township facilities and boostered to the targeted area & distributed through stand posts.VIP latrines should be improved due to soil characteristics of the area by increasing lining of the bricks. The pit to be deep enough to prolong the latrine life time. Hygiene awareness is very essential to be established in these locations in order to devolop sustainable healthy environmental conditions.
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    Assignment of Urban Trips To Various Public Transport Modes
    (University of Khartoum, 2016-04-23) Ahmed, Hassan Saad ; radwon
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    Assignment of Urban Trips To Various Public Transport Modes
    (University of Khartoum, 2016-04-06) Ahmed, Hassan Saad ; M.Elhawary
    Assignment of Urban Trips To Various Public Transport Modes
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    Association of Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) (C677T) and (A1298C) Genetic Polymorphisms and Expression and Serum Folate Concentration in Sudanese Patients with Acute Leukemia
    (university of khartoum, ) Mohamed, Omar Widaa Ali ; Anwaar A. Y. Kordofani
    Folate quantity and quality are essential for DNA synthesis and repair. Accordingly, diminished folate supply or impaired metabolism predispose to cancer by causing DNA damage. Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme in folate metabolism. MTHFR is a polymorphic gene and its C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were reported to cause decreased activity of this enzyme. Acute leukemia (AL); including acute myeloid class (AML) and acute lymphocytic class (ALL), is a heterogeneous disease of haemopoitic cells. This study aimed to examine the association of serum folate, MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) gene polymorphism and expression with AL. Methods This case control study was conducted in Khartoum state during the period from May 2014- May 2016 in a total of 155 patients with AL (48.4% males and 51.6%) females, mean ages 30.60 yr) and155 apparently healthy subjects 49.7% males and 50.3% females, mean ages 29.24 ± 21.74). MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) genotyping was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and MTHFR mRNA levels were measured by real time PCR. Serum folate, complete blood count (CBC), serum uric acid (UA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Results Frequency of MTHFR 677CC variant was significantly higher in AL cases than in controls (P< 0.001). Although frequency of MTHFR 1298AA variant was higher in ALL cases than in controls, the difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.199).The mean values of serum folate levels were significantly decreased in AL cases than in controls (P < 0.001).The mean values of MTHFR mRNA levels were insignificantly under expressed in AL than in controls (P>0.0.05). No significant relation detected between serum folate concentrations and MTHFR mRNA (P > 0.05). No association detected between MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphism with serum folate or mRNA levels (P > 0.05). The values of TWBC, blast %, blast count UA and LDH were significantly higher in AL cases with 677CC variant than cases with CT variant (P < 0.05), while there was no difference in values of TWBC, blast %, blast count, UA and LDH between cases with 1298AA and 1298AC variants (P < 0.05). In AL cases, there was a significant correlations between serum folate levels with TWBC, blast %, blast count, UA and LDH (P < 0.05), while there was no correlation between MTHFR mRNA with TWBC, blast %, blast count, UA or LDH (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in frequency distribution of MTHFR variants, serum folate and MTHFR mRNA levels between all studied subjects according to age or gender (P > 0.05). Conclusion MTHFR polymorphisms C677T and serum folate levels may contribute to AL susceptibility and prognosis. MTHFR polymorphisms A1298C and MTHFR gene expression do not contribute to AL susceptibility or prognosis. Adequate folate intake and metabolism may prevent against defective DNA due to disturbed synthesis and repair, and thus may protect against AL.
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    Atmospheric Pollution from Khartoum Oil Refinery and Thermal Power Stations
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-17) Ali, Osama Seed Ahmed Hussein ; Bashier Mohammed ; Environmental Studies
    As the Sudan concerns about climate changes, our vulnerable ecosystems, on which the vast majority of the population depends, already suffer from current droughts, over-use of marginal lands, and dominance of bio-mass use for energy. Even small changes in climate will have adverse effects on crops, grassland, and forest production because of the fragility representing emissions from oil industry (Khartoum Oil Refinery) and From Power Generation Sector .Thus, despite the fact that Sudan contributes an extremely small amount of hazardous air pollutants to the atmosphere compared to the rest of the world. This thesis tries to identify opportunities for mitigating emissions or enhancing sinks of Sudan's Air Pollutants from Energy sector (Oil industry and Power Generation, particularly). Four important gases were selected, S02, N02, NH3, and Ten top VOCs. Three areas of study were examined KNPS, GPS, and KOR. Parameters measured and analyses include both Chemical, Physical and Meteorological analyses, as such as Gas Emissions rate concentrations at different distances and directions downwind stream from emission sources of three studied areas. Wind velocity and direction, Temperature, Rain fall, Relative humidity. Instrumentation used, were the technique of Passive Diffusion Tubes which were analyzed by (GC/MS, UV.SPECTROSCOPY, and ION CHROMATOGRAPHY) at GRADKO International Laboratories Ltd. in UK. Approved Methods of analysis were applied to conduct all above gases ground level concentrations measurements. And utilization of ADMS 3 advanced Model. The Study focused and highlighted on; the IEA- GHGs R&D programme. Global vi warming potentials, concentrations and the thesis reflects the collective picture on a warming world and other changes in the climate systems. In addition the Global warming- Impacts on selected ecosystem, e.g. Rivers and streams, Birds and human health. Options and opportunities besides suggested technologies for reducing or sequestering Air Poluutants were discussed in details, with concentration on SO2 and NOx mitigation measures. The thesis also highlighted on the national & international guidelines of several organizations and environmental firms on air pollutants emissions levels to investigate Sudan's atmospheric pollutants emission compliance. At last a package of recommendations and measures were suggested, as a true contribution to the untiring efforts to mitigate Air Pollution. The main findings were:- 1. KNPS, GPS, and KOR results showed acceptable (GLCs) for S02, which can be attributed to the utilizing of Sudanese Crude Oil (Low Sulfur Content 0.116-0.25%),beside using of LPG for firing boilers. 2. KNPS, GPS, and KOR results for N02 showed also allowable limits in most investigated points at three areas of study, with slight increase in some points due to contribution of transport emissions (KNPS&GPS), and due to flare stack around KOR. 3. NH3 (GLCs) results for both areas KOR& GPS, showed also variable concentrations, but are all within the allowable limits for standard exposure limit ,while they exceed odor thresholds of WHO&OSHA Standards. The most affected area with continuous NH3 gas is GPS, it is exposed whole over the year to the gas due to annual wind directions, in wet season (June- September)it is vii downwind stream of S& SW winds (where sewage bonds are located), and in Dry season(October-May) it is downwind stream of N winds. 4. Ten Top VOCs for KOR&GPS results reflected the existing of different volatile organic hydrocarbons, which include the most serious pollutants (BETX), Benzene, Ethyl benzene, Toluene, and mixtures of Xylene (o-, m-, p-).Their (GLCs) and Concentration in the air of two Facilities are within the threshold of odor and MRLs Inhalation, but continuous exposure may cause acute effects in the long term aspect. 5. No background concentrations were available for the three areas, no air quality monitoring or surveillance systems installed in all three facilities.
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    Attainment Of Sustainability Of Southern Rosseries , Agricultural Development Project , Blue Nile State Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-17) Omer, Salah Awad ; Atta El Hassan El Battahani
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    The Autecology Of Acacia Tortilis
    (University of Khartoum, 2016-04-23) Ahmed, Ahmed alhouri ; .