Department of Agronomy

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    Agronomic Effectiveness of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) as Growth Promoters of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Application of Compost Amendments
    (University of Khartoum, ) Abdalla, Abdalhadi Mohammed Ali ; Saad Abdeمقahman Sulieman ; Agronomy
    A pot experiment was conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat during the winter season of 2014/2015, to study the impacts of compost and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and their combination on the growth performance of maize (Zea mays) “line KMH02” under Shambat soil conditions. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. The treatments consisted of three PSB isolates (Bacillus,Paenibacillus, and Rhizobium), two types of compost (Shambat and Elkhaseeb), as well as negative (no supply) and positive (50 Kg P2O5 ha1) controls. Triple superphosphate (48% P2O5) was the source of phosphorus in the experiment. The growth attributes investigated included plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI), stem diameter, fresh and dry matter accumulations for the shoot and root fractions. Plant protein and mineral nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and rhizospheric soil chemical analyses (pH, ECe, mineral nutrient contents) were performed at the end of the experiment (85 days after sowing). At eight measured sampling events, the statistics revealed no significant differences between Shambat and Elkhaseeb (without PSB) for the examined growth attributes. However, the application of Shambat or Elkhaseeb recorded significant differences over untreated control. When applied alone, there was no significant difference among the three PSB isolates. The application of PSB in combination with compost resulted in significant differences compared with their respective controls. The addition of organic amendments also significantly affected several soil chemical properties (pH, K, N and P). With or without compost, PSB isolates were able to increase the N, Mg, and protein contents in the leaves of plants. However, no significant differences occurred among treatments. The positive control revealed no significant response for all studied parameters. It is therefore, recommended that the addition of compost alone or accompanied with PSB can improve the soil properties and enhance maize growth when alkaline soils are used.
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    Agronomic Performance of Some Local Selections of Forage Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.) Monech Variety Abu sabein
    (University of Khartoum, 2016-03-28) Mohammed Adam Ali Osman ; SeifEldin Mudawi Gasim ; Department of Agronomy
    The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of twenty-three selections local forage sorghum of Aliab and Rubatab types. They were grown in Shambat Research Station Farm, during season 2006/2007. In a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of tillers/plant, number of leaves/plant, stem diameter, leaf to stem ratio, plant density and forage fresh and dry weight, and subjected to analysis of variance. Coefficient of variability, least significant difference and correlation coefficient were estimated. The analysis of variance showed significant differences among the selections for most of the studied characters, except leaf to stem ratio and stem diameter, which showed non-significant differences. The highest coefficient of variation was recorded for number of tillers/ plant and the lowest for plant height. Aliab selections gave the highest performance in forage fresh and dry yield compared to Rubatab. Among Aliab selections, S. 143, S. 80, S. 25 and S. 170 gave the highest forage yield performance (fresh and dry yield) compared to Rubatab selections. Forage fresh and dry weights showed significant positive correlation with each other and with the other studied characters, except number of tillers/plant, leaf to stem ratio and stem diameter. The association of days to 50% flowering with number of leaves/plant and plant height was positive and significant. The associations between the other characters were not significant. In conclusion, the accessions exhibited great variability in agronomic performance; some of the accessions like S. 143, S. 280, S. 25 and S. 170 are of potential for forage yield and are recommended to be carried out for further study. هدف البحث الى تقييم اداء ثلاث وعشرون سلالة محلية منتخبه من الذرة العلفيه (طراز علياب و رباطاب). زرعت بمزرعة محطة بحوث شمبات اثناء موسم 2006/2007. أستخدم التصميم ذوالقطاعات العشوائيه الكاملة بثلاثة مكررات لتنفيذ التجربة. جمعت بيانات عن عدد الايام ل 50% إزهار و طول النبات و عدد الاشطاء فى النبات و عدد الاوراف فى النبات و نسبة الاوراق للساق و سمك (قطر ) الساق و الكثافة النباتية و الوزن الرطب و الجاف. أجرى تحليل التباين للصفات قيد الدراسة. قدر معامل الاختلاف واقل فرق معنوي و معامل الارتباط للصفات قيد الدراسة. أظهرت نتائج تحليل التباين إختلافات معنوية بين السلالات فى معظم الصفات، عدا صفتى سمك الساق ونسبة الأوراق للساق . أعطى عدد الاشطاء فى النبات أعلى معامل تباين و طول النبات أدنى معامل تباين. أعطت سلالات عالياب أعلى أداء فى وزن العلف الرطب و الجاف مقارنة بسلالات رباطاب. من بين سلالات عالياب، أعطت السلالات S. 143 و S.80 و S.25 و S.170 أعلى أداء فى وزن العلف الجاف و الرطب مقارنة بسلالات رباطاب .أظهرت الدراسة وجود ارتباط ايجابي ومعنوي بين وزن العلف الرطب والجاف و بين كل منهما و الصفات الاخرى، عدا عدد الاشطاء فى النبات و سمك الساق ونسبة الأورق للساق . ارتباط عدد الايام ل 50% إزهار وطول النبات وعدد الأورق فى النبات موجبا و معنويا فيما بينها، بينما كانت ارتباطات الصفات الاخرى مع بعضها غير معنوية. خلصت الدراسة الى وجود إختلافات كبيرة فى الاداء الحقلى بين السلالات المنتخبة، و أن بعض السلالات مثل 143 و S.80 و S.25 و S.170 واعدة لانتاج العلف و يوصى بإخضاعها لمزيد من الدراسة.
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    Agronomic Performance Of Some Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes
    ( University of khartoum , 2015-06-17) El-Sheikh Hagalla Mohammed Ahamed ; Seif Eldin Mudawi Gasim ; Agronomy
    Six genotypes of faba bean were evaluated for their agronomic performance at Shambat (Demonstration Farm, Faculty of Agriculture-University of Khartoum ) for one season 2006/07 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Coefficient of variability, Least Significant Difference and correlation coefficient were estimated. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between the six genotypes for most of the characters studied. The highest coefficient of variation was obtained for number of reproductive branches/plant and the lowest for plant height. Seed yield/plant showed significant positive correlation with plant height. The yield components: number of pods/ plant and number of podded nodes/plant showed significant positive correlation between each other. On the other hand the association of these characters with 1000-seed weight was significantly negative.
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    Appraisal Of The Water Quality Of The Blue Nile, The White Nile And The Main River Nile For Irrigation Use
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-27) Nagla Kamal Eldeen Elkhalifa ; Mukhtar Ahmed Mustafa
    The study was undertaken in Khartoum State, which lies between latitudes 15° 8` - 16° 39` N and longitudes 31° 36` - 34° 25` E, in the semi – desert tropics. Water samples were collected from the River Nile at Shambat bridge, the White Nile at Fetaehab bridge and the Blue Nile at Mak-Nimir bridge. They were obtained at the same day of each month for one year from March – 2008 to February – 2009. The objective of the study was the estimation of the water quality indices for the three Niles and appraisal of the water quality of the River Nile and its two main tributaries for irrigation use. The measurements of water quality parameters (pH, ECW, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, CO3 -2, HCO3 -, SO4 -2 ) were carried out. The USSL (1954) classification system revealed that the three Niles water salinity, as represented by ECW and SAR ranged from C1 – S1 (low salinity – low sodicity) class to C2 – S1 (medium salinity – low sodicity) class. Eight percent of the Blue Nile water samples belonged to the C1 – S1 class and 92 % belonged to C2 – S1 class. Sixty seven percent of the White Nile water samples belonged to the C1 – S1 class and 33 % belonged to C2 – S1 class. Fifty eight percent of the River Nile water samples belonged to C1 – S1 class and 42 % belonged to C2 – S1 class. Ca-Mg was the dominant cation class and Cl=CO3 was the dominant anion class. All water samples of the River Nile and its two tributaries gave low sodium hazard for the twelve months. The RSC values for all water samples, in all months, were negative indicating absence of carbonate hazard. The Langelier saturation index values for 83% of the water samples of the River Nile and its two tributaries were negative indicating dissolution of carbonate from water. All these results indicate that the River Nile and its two tributaries have good quality water for irrigation.
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    Can the Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Phosphate Rock Enhance Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth Performance under Alkaline Conditions?
    (University of Khartoum, ) Wahiba Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed ; Saad Abdel Rahman Sulieman ; Department of Agronomy
    A pot experiment was conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat during the winter season of 2014/2015, to study the impacts of locally isolated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate rock (PR) and their combination on the growth performance of maize (Zea mays) “line KHM405” under clay (Shambat) and sand clay loam (El-Rawakeeb) soil conditions. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. The treatments consisted two levels of AMF (0 and 50 mg kg−1 soil), two levels of PR (0 and 400 mg pot−1), as well as negative (no supply) and positive (50 kg P2O5 ha−1) controls. Triple superphosphate (48% P2O5) was the source of phosphorus in the experiment. The growth attributes investigated included plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI), stem diameter, fresh and dry matter accumulations for the shoot and root fractions. Plant protein and mineral nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and rhizospheric soil chemical analyses (pH, ECe, mineral nutrient contents) were performed at the end of the experiment (85 days after sowing). Results obtained showed that the application of AMF, PR, and their combinations to Shambat or El-Rawakeeb soil had no significant effect on all examined parameters (plant and soil). The results showed only a significant increment in the mycorrhizal colonization when AMF was added without PR. Because of the alkalinity of the soil, the present study indicated the importance of future studies to establish efficient methods of partial acidulation to improve the solubility of phosphate in the PR materials. Moreover, it is strongly recommended to study conditions that might help to optimize the effectiveness of AMF to maximize crop phosphate-use efficiency. The identification of indigenous promising AMF isolates remains of particular importance and also highly required. ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺻﻴﺺ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ، ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﻁﻮﻡ ﺑﺸﻤﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﺘﺎء ﻣﻮﺳﻢ 2015/2014 ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﻮﺭﺍﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻝ ﻣﺤﻠﻴًﺎ ﻭﺳﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍء ﻧﻤﻮ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻴﺔ (Zea mays) "ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ "KHM405 ﺗﺤﺖ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ (ﺷﻤﺒﺎﺕ) ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺌﻴﺔ (ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻛﻴﺐ). ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ، ﺑﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍﺕ. ﺇﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﻮﺭﺍﻳﺰﺍ 0)، 50 ﻣﺠﻢ/ﻛﺠﻢ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ)، ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ 0)، 400 ﻣﺠﻢ/ﺃﺻﻴﺺ)، ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ (ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ) ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ 50) ﻛﺠﻢ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ/ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ). ﺃﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺳﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﺑﺮﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ %48) ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ) ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍً ﻟﻠﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ. ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺇﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ، ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ، ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ، ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ، ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ، ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻁﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ. ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ (ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ، ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ، ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ، ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ، ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮﻡ) ﻭﺗﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ (ﺍﻷﺱ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ، ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ، ﻭﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ) ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺔ 85) ﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ). ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﻮﺭﺍﻳﺰﺍ، ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺷﻤﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ (ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ) ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ. ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺴﺒ ﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﻮﺭﺍﻳﺰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ. ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ، ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ. ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻔﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﻮﺭﺍﻳﺰﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻔﺎءﺓ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ. ﻋﺰﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﻓﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻜﻮﺭﺍﻳﺰﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺎﻥ.
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    Effect of Dormancy Breaking Methods on the Germination of Crotalaria senegalensis and Crotalaria goreensis Seeds
    (University of Khartoum, 2016-03) Mutaz Hassan Ahmed Adam
    ABSTRACT Crotalaria senegalensis and Crotalaria gorensis are leguminous range herbaceous plants and woody shrubs. They are platable and widely used as feedstuffs in West Sudan. Their seeds have a high dormancy. A laboratory experiment was conducted on April 2015, at the Seed Laboratory , Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Khartoum to study the effect of different dormancy breaking chemical methods on seeds of Crotalaria senegalensis and Crotalaria gorensis . Three sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) concentrations (50, 70, and 90%)and three gibberellic acid (GA₃) levels (150 , 250 and 350 ppm), were used in the experiment. In addition the effect of hot water was studied at 70ᴼc for, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Germination percentages and rate of germination were stimulated for the two plants to study the effects of treatments ,The results indicated that 50% sulfuric acid (36%), hot water for 90 minutes (27%) and GA₃ 250ppm (31%) gave the highest germination percentage and rate of germination for the two plants. On the other hand Crotalaria senegalensis was superior to Crotalaria gorensis on all studied characters. 50% H₂SO₄ was the most effective methods for dormancy breaking of these two plants. It is recommended to study the effect of other methods (chemical and/or mechanical) for dormancy breaking . المستخلص يتبع نباتا الطقطاقة والخراته للعائلة البقولية وهما من النباتات الرعوية العشبية, شجيرات مستساغة, واسعة الاستخدام كمغذيات علفيه في غرب السودان. بذورهما ذات كمون عالي . أجريت تجربة معملية في ابريل 2015م بمعمل البذور , قسم المحاصيل الحقلية, كلية الزراعة, جامعة الخرطوم لمعرفة تأثير معاملات كيميائية مختلفة لكسر كمون بذور نباتي الطقطاقة والخراته, أستخدمت ثلاث تراكيز لحمض الكبريتيك (50%, 70% و90%) وثلاث مستويات لحمض الجبرلين (250,150و350جزء من المليون). أيضاً أستخدم الماء الساخن عند درجة حرارة70 ⁰م لمدة (30و 60و 90 دقيقة) . حسبت نسبة الإنبات ومعدل الإنبات للنباتين لمعرفة تأثير المعاملات عليها. أوضحت النتائج أن حمض الكبريتيك بتركيز 50% (36%) والماء الساخن لمدة 90 دقيقة (27%) وحمض الجبرلين بتركيز 250 جزء من المليون (31%) أعطت أعلي نسبة ومعدل إنبات للنباتين من جهة أخري تفوق نبات الطقطاقة علي صنف الخراتة في الصفات التي تمت دراستها . كان حمض الكبريتيك 50% الأكثر فعالية في كسر كمون بذور النباتين. يوصي بإجراء مزيد من الدراسات لمعرفة تأثير الطرق ألآخري (كيميائية و/أو ميكانيكية )لكسر الكمون .
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    Effect of Magnesium, Iron, and Zinc as Mineral Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 2020) Soheap Abdelrahman Yousif Mohammed
    ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted at two locations (White Nile Research station farm and Gezira Research Station farm), during season 2019/2020. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium, iron, and zinc fertilizers on vegetative growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The released rice variety Wakra was sown directly on flat soil with recommended seed rate 80 kg/ha. Eight treatments were used Mg, Fe, Zn, Mg+Fe, Mg+Zn, Fe+ Zn, Mg+Fe+Zn and control. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications, cultural practices were carried out according to the recommendations of Agricultural Research Corporation. Characters studied included, days to %50 Flowering, Plant height, chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaf area index, number of reproductive tillers, spike length, spikelet per spike, number of filled grains, number of unfilled grains, 1000 grain weight, straw yield, grain yield, and harvest index. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and means separation was done using least significant difference (LSD). The results showed that, the application of these micronutrients significantly (P≤ 0.05) affected chlorophyll content and spikelets per spike at Kosti site. While at Medani site, plant height, leaf area index and 1000 grain weight showed significant differences (P≤ 0.05). No significant differences (P≤ 0.05) were found in days to %50 flowering, leaf area, number of reproductive tillers, spike length number of unfilled grain, straw yield, grain yield, and harvest index for both sites. The analysis of variance for both sites showed that the micronutrients treatments exhibited significant (P≤ 0.05) differences only in number of filled grains. The lowest and the highest yield (ton/ha) were registered for the control and Fe+ Zn treatments, respectively. The results indicated that, application of Fe+Zn increased grain yield by 4% and 21% at Kosti and Medani site, respectively. According to the results of this study it is recommended to apply a combination of the micronutrients Fe+Zn under Kosti and Medani sites conditions. Also further in-depth studies on the effect of micronutrients on growth and yield of rice under Sudan conditions are recommended. المُستخلص: اُجريت هذه التجربة في موقعين مزرعة محطة بحوث النيل الأبيض ومزرعة محطة بحوث الجزيرة في موسم 2019-2020، لمعرفة تأثير الماغنزيوم، الحديد، والزنك على النمو الخُضري وإنتاج محصول الأرز. تمت زراعة الصنف المُجاز (وكرة) علي أرض مستوية بمعدل التقاوي المُوصى به 80 كجم/هكتار; ثمانية مُعاملات تم إستخدامها في هذه التجربة وهي (الماغنزيوم، الحديد، الزنك، الماغنزيوم+الحديد، الماغنزيوم+الزنك، الحديد+الزنك، الماغنزيوم+الحديد+الزنك بالإضافة للشاهد). اُستخدم تصميم القطع العشوائية الكاملة بأربعة مُكررات، كل المُعاملات الفلاحية علي حسب المُوصى به من قِبل هئية البحوث الزراعية. الصفات التي تمت دراستها هي عدد الايام حتى 50% إزهار، طول النبات، محتوي الكُلوروفيل، مساحة الورقة، دليل مساحة الورقة، عدد الخِلف المُنتِجة، طول السُنبلة، عدد السُنيبلات في السُنبلة الواحدة، عدد الحبوب الممتلئة، عدد الحبوب الغير مُمتلئة، وزن الألف حبة، إنتاج القش، إنتاج الحبوب و مُعامل الحصاد، تم تحليل البيانات إحصائياً بإستعمال تحليل التباين وفرز المتوسطات بإستعمال أقل فرق معنوي. أظهرت النتائج في كوستي أن هنالك فرق معنوي((P≤ 0.05 كل من محتوي الكُلوروفيل وعدد السُنيبلات في السُنبلة الواحدة. اما بالنسبة لموقع مدني فإنه توجد فروقات معنوية (P≤ 0.05) في كُل من طول النبات، دليل مساحة الورقة و وزن الألف حبة. لا تُوجد فروقات معنوية (P≤ 0.05) في كُل من عدد الأيام حتي %50 إزهار، مساحة الورقة، عدد الخِلف المُنتِجة، طول السُنبلة، عدد الحبوب الغير مُمتلئة، إنتاج الحبوب، إنتاج القش و مُعامل الحصاد في الموقعين معاً. التحليل الإحصائي للموقعين أظهر أن هنالك فرق معنوي (P≤ 0.05) في عدد الحبوب المُمتلئة فقط. اقل إنتاج كان عند إستخدام الشاهد وأعلي إنتاج كان عندما تم إستخدام الحديد+الزنك. النتائج أوضحت أن تطبيق الحديد+الزنك يذيد من الإنتاج ب 4% و 21% في كل من كوستي و مدني على التوالي. وبالتالي هذه الدراسة لخًصت أن أنسب العناصر هو اضافة الحديد+الزنك في كل من الموقعين. بناءً علي نتائج هذه الدراسة يُوصى بإضافة خليط من عناصر الحديد+الزنك تحت ظروف موقعي كوستي ومدني. كما يُوصى بمزيد من الدراسات المُتعمقة لمعرفة تأثيرهذه العناصر الغذائية على نمو وإنتاج الأرز تحت ظروف السودان.
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    Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on the Performance Of Three Sugarbeet (Beta Vulgaris.L) Cultivars
    (University of Khartoum, 2015) Marwa El-ngrashi Mustafa ; Tag Eldin Elsheikh Musa Hago ; Agronomy
    A field experiment was carried out for one season (2004 – 2005) in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture at Shambat to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the growth and yield of three sugar beet (Beta vulgaris.L) cultivars under irrigation. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments were nitrogen (0-100-200 kg N /ha) designated as (N0, N1, N2), phosphorus (0-100 kg P2 O5/ha) designated as (P0, P1) and three sugar beet cultivars Tomba, Possada and Monza Designated as (CV1, CV2, CV3) respectively. The results showed that nitrogen applications tend to increase in leaf number, leaf area index shoot and root dry weigh but the effect was not significant. Phosphorus application also led to increase in growth attributes. Addition of nitrogen had positive effect on roots weigh /plot and root yield /ha .but the effect was not significant. Also phosphorus application on sugar beet cultivars had no significant effect on root weigh /plot and roots yield /ha but had negative effect on sugar content (pol%) . Nitrogen and phosphors fertilizer lead to positive effect on brix % fiber %, and purity % of juice and increase nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodium content on roots. Nitrogen and phosphorus application tend to increase moisture content in root. Moreover, interactions between the treatments were not significant.
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    Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Seed Rate on the Performance of Two Fodder Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Cultivars
    (University of Khartoum, ) Fadwa Adam Mohammed Ali ; Bakri Mohammed Elhassan Osman ; Agronomy
    A field experiment was conducted during May-July, 2016 at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, to study the effect of seed rate and nitrogen fertilization on the performance of two forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars. Two sorghum cultivars, AbuSabien (V1) and Mabrouk (V2) were used in the experiment. Cultivars were sown with different seed rates: 20 kg/fed (S1), 30 kg/fed (S2) and 40 kg/fed (S3). Nitrogen levels used were, control (0N) and 80kg N /ha (2N). The experiment was conducted using a split- split plot design with four replications. The main plots, sub-plots and sub-sub plots were assigned for nitrogen, seed rate and cultivars, respectively. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, leaf area, and leaf area index, leaf to stem ratio, plant population, forage fresh and dry yield, crude protein and crude fiber content. Nitrogen fertilization had no significant effect on all attributes expect for plant height, leaf area index and fresh yield. Seed rate had no significant effect on all attributes except for leaf area index, leaf to stem ratio and plant population. Cultivars significantly (p≤0.05) differed in all attributes except for number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight, crude protein and crude fiber contents. The hybrid mabrouk gave higher, but not significant increase in forage fresh and dry yield. It’s recommended to carry out more experiments to compare the two cultivars in terms of the 2nd and 3rd cuts. أجريت تجربة حقلية خلال مايو - يوليو2016 بالمزرعة الإيضاحية بكلية الزراعة ، جامعة الخرطوم، شمبات، لدراسة تأثير معدل البذر والتسميد النيروجينى علي أداء صنفين من الذره العلفيه.إستخدم صنفان من الذره العلفيه هما: ابوسبعين (V1)ومبروك (V2) ، وثلاثة معدلات بذر هي: S1 ، S2 و S3 ،وكانت 20 ، 30 و 40 كجم بذور للفدان على التوالي .كانت مستويات النيتروجين المستخدمة: الشاهد (ON) و80 كجم نتروجين/الهكتار(2N). صممت التجربة باستخدام تصميم القطع المنشقة- المنشقة باربعة مكررات. وضعت مستويات النيتروجين ومعدل البذر والأصناف علي القطع الرئيسة والمنشقة والمنشقة – المنشقة، على التوالى. جمعت بيانات عن طول النبات ،عدد الاوراق فى النبات ،سمك الساق ،مساحة الورقة ،دليل مساحة الورقة ،نسبة الاوراق للسيقان ،الكثافه النباتية ،إنتاجية العلف الطازجة والجافة ،محتوى النبات من البروتين الخام والألياف الخام. لم يكن للتسميد النروجيني تاثير معنوي علي كل الصفات ما عدا طول النبات ودليل مساحه الورقة وإنتاجية العلف الطازجة. أظهرت النتائج عدم وجود تأثيرات معنوية لمعدلات البذر المختلفة على كل الصفات ما عدا دليل مساحة الورقة ونسبة الأوراق للساق والكثافة النباتية . اختلفت الأصناف معنوياً(p≤0.05) فى كل الصفات عدا عدد الأوراق للنبات والوزن الجاف والرطب ومحتوى النبات من البروتين الخام والألياف.أعطى الهجين مبروك زيادة غير معنوية في إنتاجية العلف الطازج والجاف. يوصى بإجراء مزيد من التجارب لمقارنة إنتاجية العلف للقطعتين الثانية والثالثة للصنفين
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    Effect of Nitrogen, Plant Spacing and Hybrid on Growth and Yield of Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 2020) Manahel Abaker Abdel kareem Suam
    Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for one season (2019/2020) in the University of Khartoum Demonstrations farm at Shambat to study the effect of nitrogen and plant spacing on growth and yield of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) hybrids. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot design with three replications. The nitrogen levels were assigned to the main plots, intra-row spacings were assigned to the sub-plots and two hybrids were assigned to the sub-sub plots. The treatments consisted of three levels of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha) and three intra-row spacings (20, 30 and 40cm). Urea (46% N) was used as source of N. In addition, two hybrids Hysun 33 and Opera P.R were used. Parameters studied were plant height, stem diameter, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, head diameter, number of seeds/head, seed weight/plant, 1000-seed weight, empty seed percentage and seed yield. Data analyzed according to the standard statistical procedure (Gomez and Gomez). Analysis of variance was carried out for each parameter as described in split-split plot design. Subjected to LSD test and the significant levels for the means separation were assigned at (P = 0.05).The results showed that nitrogen level had significant effect (P ≥ 0.05) on plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, seed weight/plant, 1000-seeds weight and seeds yield (kg/ha), whereas it did not show significant effect on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of seeds/ head and empty seed percentage. Intra-row spacing had no significant (P ˂0.05). effect on most characters under study, whereas it showed significant (P ≥ 0.05) effect on seed yield. In addition, the interaction between nitrogen and varieties was significant at (P ≥ 0.05) on plant height, stem diameter and days to maturity and not significant for other components. The interaction between nitrogen and intra-row spacing was not significant (P˂0.05). for all the characters under study. Withal the interaction between intra-row spacing and varieties was not significant at (P ˂ 0.05) on most characters studied, except the days to 50% flowering, which was significant. The study concluded that;(level of nitrogen had significant effects on most growth and yield parameters of the two sunflower hybrids used, plant spacing had no significant effects on all growth and yield parameters except seed yield (kg/ha) and the highest seed yield was given at the spacing of 20 cm).The study recommended that for sunflower hybrid the further research should focus on more different locations and seasons to achieve more reliable results. المٌستخلص: أجريت تجربة لموسم واحد (2019/2020 ) بمزرعة جامعة الخرطوم بشمبات لدراسة تاثير النتروجين ومسافات الزراعة على نمو وانتاجية هجينين من محصول زهرة الشمس. استخدم تصميم القطع المنشطرة-المنشطرة بثلاثة مكررات في تنفيذ التجربة حيث تم وضع النتروجين في الوحدات الكبرى والمسافات البينية في الوحدات الصغرى والهجينين في الوحدات الصغرى الصغرى. حيث تم وضع(0 ،50، (100 كجم نتروجين\هكتار) وثلاث مسافات بينية (20 ،30، 40) سم وقد استخدم سماد اليوريا( 46%N ) كمصدر للنتروجين. استخدم الهجينان Hysun33 و Opera PR من زهرة الشمس. تم قياس طول النبات وقطر الساق وعدد الايام ل 50% ازهار وايام النضج وقطر القرص وعدد البذور في القطر ووزن البذورفي القرص و وزن الألف حبة ونسبة البذور الفارغة والانتاجية. تم تحليل البيانات وفقًا للإجراء الإحصائي القياسي (جوميز وجوميز). تم إجراء تحليل التباين لكل متغير في تصميم قطع المنشطرة-المنشطرة . خضع لاختبار LSD وتم تعيين المستويات لفروغات المعنوية عند أظهرت النتائج ان اضافة النتروجين كان لها تاثير معنوي(0.05 P≥) في طول النبات وقطر الساق وقطر القرص ووزن البذور والانتاجية. بينما لم يكن لها تاثير معنوي(0.05 P˂) على عدد الايام ل 50% ازهار وايام النضج وعدد البذور في القرص ونسبة البذور الفارغة . على صعيد اخر اظهرت النتائج وجود فروق معنوية (0.05 P≥) بين المسافات البينية في الانتاجية . بينما لم يكن للمسافات بين النباتات اثر معنوي (0.05 P˂) على بقية المكونات. ايضا اظهر التفاعل بين النتروجين والاصناف فروق معنوية(0.05 P≥) على طول النبات وقطر الساق والنضج بينما لم يكن لها تاثير معنوي (0.05 P˂) على المكونات الاخرى. لم يكن للتفاعل بين النتروجين والمسافات بين النباتات تاثير معنوي (0.05 P˂) على كل مكونات الدراسة. ايضا اظهر التفاعل بين مسافات الزراعة والاصناف فروق معنوية (0.05 P≥)على عدد الايام ل 50% ازهار بينما لم يكن لها تاثير على المكونات الاخرى.خلصت الدراسة إلى أن: مستوى النيتروجين تأثير له معنوي على معظم معاملات النمو والإنتاجية لصنفي زهزة الشمس، ولم يكن للتباعد بين النباتات أي تأثير معنوي على جميع معاملات النمو والمحصول باستثناء انتاج البذور (كجم / هكتار) وأعطي أعلى إنتاج للبذور عند تباعد 20 سم. أوصت الدراسة بإجراء مزيد من الأبحاث في مواقع ومواسم مختلفة للوصول الي مزيد من النتائج المعتمدة .
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    Effect of Salt concentrations and Water on Growth and Production of Fodder Sorghum, Pioneer (Sorghum bicolor ×Sorghum sudanense)
    (University of Khartoum, ) Asra Mustafa Ali Abaker ; Abdelmohsin Hassan Elnadi ; Agronomy
    A pot experiment was conducted in the nursery of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat latitude 15°40'N. longitude 32°32'E, for one season (2016/2017) to study the effect of salt concentration (NaCl) and water on growth and yield of fodder sorghum, pioneer (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense). The levels of salt concentration were: S0 no salt, S1 (3g/l), S2( 6g/l) and S3( 9g/l). The levels of water were: 100% (FC), 75%(FC) and 50% FC. The experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates (three blocks). Measurements and calculations made in this experiment were: plant height, fresh weight of whole plant, fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight of stems, dry weight of whole plant, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of stems, leaf/stem ratio, leaf relative turgidity (LRT), chlorophyll content, average relative growth rate)ARGR) and chemical composition of the average nutrients, namely: N,P,K ,Ca and Na, at the age of 21,31,41 and 51 days after sowing. The results showed statistical significant (p˂0.05) in plant height at the age of 31 and 41 days after sowing, Fresh weight of the whole plant at the age of 31 days after sowing, dry weight of stems at the age of 31 after days after sowing, ARGR at the age of 21 days after sowing. There was no significant difference in the other studied parameters. أجريت تجربة أصص بمشتل كلية الزراعة- جامعة الخرطوم-شمبات, خط عرض 15o40' وخط طول '32°32 فى موسم 2016/2017 لمعرفة تأثير تركيز ملح الطعام (كلوريد الصوديوم) ومقدار ماء الشرب على نمو وإنتاجية العلف لمحصول البايونير.(Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense) كانت مستويات الملح )S0الشاهد) S1,(3 جرام/لتر ), S2(6 جرام/لتر(و S3(9 جرام/لتر) بيما كانت مقادير الماء المضاف هى: 100% من السعة الحقليةF.C) ),75% و50% من (FC). نفذت التجربة بتصميم قطاعات كاملة العشوائية فى ثلاث مكرارات. المقاييس التى تم اخذها من هذه التجربة هى: طول النبات، الوزن الرطب للنبات، الوزن الرطب للأوراق، الوزن الرطب للسوق (السيقان) الوزن الجاف للنبات، الوزن الجاف للأوراق، الوزن الجاف للسوق (السيقان)، نسبة الأوراق للسوق، متوسط معدل النمو النسبى لليوم (Average relative growth rate) محتوى الكلورفيل فى الورقة، نسبة الأنتفاخ النسبى للورقة (leaf relative turgidity)، وبعض العناصر الكيميائية، وهى N ,P, K, Ca and Na وكل الأوزان والمقاييس المذكوره تم أخذها فى 21,31,41 و51 يوماً بعد الزراعة. أظهرت نتائج هذه التجربة إختلافات معنوية (0.05) فى الأتى: طول النبات فى عمر 31و14 يوم بعد الزراعة, الوزن الرطب للنبات فى عمر31 يوم بعد الزراعة, الوزن الجاف للسوق (السيقان) فى عمر31 يوم بعد الزراعة ومعدل النمو النسبى فى عمر21 يوم بعد الزراعة. لم توجد فروقات معنوية فى المتبقى من القراءات والقياسات المذكوره أعلاه. ويستنتج من هذه الدراسة أن كل هذه المعاملات لم تكن لها أثر إحصائى فى النمو.
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    Effect Of Seed Rate And Nitrogen On Growth And Yield Of Teff Grass (Eragrostis Teff (Zucc.)Trotter
    (University of Khartoum, 2004) Murtada Yousef Adam ; Awad O. Abusuwar ; Agronomy
    A field experiment was conducted during the season (2003/2004) in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat in order to study the effects of seeding rate and nitrogen rates on growth and yield of Teff forage Eragrostis teff (Zucc.) Trotter. The treatments consisted of three seed rates (2,4, and 6kg/fed) and three nitrogen levels (0, 40, and 80kg N/ha). Urea (46% N) was used as the source of nitrogen. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results showed that seed rates significantly increased plant population, while nitrogen significantly increased number of leaves per plant. Both seed rate and nitrogen did not affect plant height and number of tillers per plant significantly. Seed rates and nitrogen affected green and dry forage yield but were not significant. Seed rates and nitrogen significantly increased crude protein and crude fiber. Minerals (P, K, Mg and Ca) were not significantly affected by seed rates. Nitrogen application caused significant decreases and increases in P and K respectively, while it had no effect on Ca and Mg contents.
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    Effect of Sowing Methods, Nitrogen Levels and Seed Rates on Yield and quality of Fodder maize (Zea mays L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 1997) Betram Gardon Koul ; Awad Osman Abu Swar ; El Toum El Sadig Ali ; Agronomy
    Field experiments were carried out during 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture , Shambat to investigate the effect of sowing method, seed rate and nitrogen level on growth, yield and nutritive value of fodder maize ( Zea mays L.). The two methods of sowing were sowing on the top of ridge (M1) and sowing on the bottom of ridge (M2). The nitrogen levels were 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/feddan in the form of urea (46% N) applied at sowing before the first irrigation. The seed rates of 40, 60 and 80 kg/feddan were used. The results revealed that sowing method had no effect on all growth attributes i.e. plant population, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area and stem diameter. Similarity the yield and nutritive composition of forage were not affected by the sowing method. Significant increase in plant population, fresh and dry matter yield under higher seed rate was obtained. Lower seed rate resulted in an increase in plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, and stem diameter. Crude protein and crude fibre content were slightly affected by seed rate. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer increased significantly plant height, leaf area, number of leaves per plant and stem diameter. Increase in growth attributes of forage maize due to nitrogen resulted in increase in forage yield in terms of green and dry matter. Increase in the rate of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in an increase in crude protein content. It was also noticed that crude fibre content was influenced by nitrogen. Nitrogen X seed rate interaction for plant height, stem diameter fresh and dry forage yield was detected during two seasons which indicate that response to nitrogen depend on the seed rate.
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    Effect of Treatment Methods for Breaking Seed Dormancy in Crotalaria senegalensis
    (University of Khartoum, 2020-12) Alhadi Haron Abdallah Haron
    Abstract: Laboratory tests were conducted with the objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the different treatment methods for breaking dormancy of Crotalaria senegalensis seeds. The experiment were carried out from March to May 2019 at the Seed Laboratory of the Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments, soaking in hot distilled water at 40˚C, 50˚C and 60˚C for 2, 5, and 10 minutes, immersion in H2SO4, using 100, 70 and 50% concentrations, for 5, 7 and 10 minutes, mechanical scarification by scratching and the control. Data were recorded on germination percent, germination rate, number of leaves, seedling length, seedling fresh weight and seedling dry weight. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with four replications. Analysis of variance for breaking seed dormancy of C.senegalensis showed significant diffrences (P≤0.05) in germination percentage among the treatments. The results showed that immersion of seeds in H2SO4 (100%) for 10 or 7 min and scratching, to break dormancy of C. senegalensis seeds, gave the highest germination percentages (99,88 and 96.5%, respectively), whereas the control showed lowest (23.5) mean. Soaking seeds in hot distilled water was less effective (37%) in breaking dormancy of C.senegalensis seeds. control treatment recorded best (8.67) germination rate of dormant seeds, while H2SO4 100/10min least (5.46). The results showed that there were highly significant differences in seedling dry weight, whereas for number of leaves, seedling length and seedling fresh weight there were no significant differences. To break dormancy of C.senegalensis seeds, immersion in H2SO4 (100%) for 10 or 7min and scratching were the most efficient treatments. المستخلص: أُجريت الإختبارات المعملية التي تهدف لدراسة تقييم الطرق المختلفة لمعاملات لكسر كمون بذور C.senegalensis. كانت التجربة من مارس إلي مايو 2019 بمعمل البذور، قسم المحاصيل الحقلية، كلية الزراعة، جامعة الخرطوم – السودان. تعرضت البذور للمعاملات التالية، ، النقع في الماء المقطر الساخن، 40 درجة مئوية، 50 درجة مئوية و 60 درجة مئوية لمدة 2، 5 و 10 دقائق، الغمر في حمض الكبريتيك ، إستخدام تراكيز 100، 70، و 50 لمدة 5،7،و10 دقائق، الخدش الميكانيكي بالصنفرة و الشاهد. سُجلت البيانات في نسبة الإنبات ، معدل الإنبات، عدد الوريقات، طول البادرة ، الوزن الرطب للبادرة و الوزن الجاف للبادرة. أظهرت نتائج تحليل التباين ، في كسر كمون بذور C. senegalensis يوجد فروق معنوية (P≤0.05) بين المعاملات في نسبة الإنبات. أظهرت النتائج ان غمر البذور في حمض الكبريتيك (100%) لمدة 10أو7 دقائق و الخدش لكسر كمون بذور C. senegalensis أعلى نسبة إنبات (99، 88 و 96.5% على التوالي) ، بينما أظهر الشاهد أقل (23.5) متوسط. نقع البذور في الماء المقطر الساخن كان أقل (37%) تأثيراً في كسر كمون بذور C. senegalensis. سجلت معاملة الشاهد أفضل (8.67) معدل إنبات في البذورالكامنة، بينما سجل حمض الكبريتيك 100% لمدة 10 دقائق أقل (5.46). أظهرت النتائج أن هنالك فروقات معنوية عالٍ ((P≤0.01 في الوزن الجاف للبادرة ، بينما لعدد الوريقات، طول البادرة و الوزن الرطب لا يوجد فروقات معنوية. لكسر كمون بذور C. senegalensis، الغمر في حمض الكبريتيك (100%) لمدة 10أو7 دقائق و الخدش، تمثل أكثر المعاملات كفاءة.
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    Effect of Water Harvesting and Spreading Techniques on Agricultural Development and Environmental Stability in Northern Kordofan State, Sudan.
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-04-26) Mohammed Osman Abbaker Goma ; Awad Osman Abu Suwar ; Agronomy
    Effect of Water Harvesting and Spreading Techniques on Agricultural Development and Environmental Stability in Dry lands- North Kordofan State-Sudan This study was conducted in North Kordofan State (period from February 2007 to March 2008). The research aims to evaluate some effects of the techniques on agricultural development and an environmental stability in dry lands of the study area, in order to explore the potential role of sustainable adoption of WH techniques and their contribution to reduce the adverse impacts of lands degradation and desertification, the effect of concentrated grazing and overstocking around water points, in order to know the environmental value of WH which include: protection from seasonal floods, reducing epidemic diseases, improving health conditions. Social value: rural areas development, creating job opportunities, population stability, poverty and hunger alleviation, improving living standard, minimizing displacement to cities and urban centers. Economical value: agricultural development in traditional agriculture areas by increasing production and productivity, improving livestock and forestry through rational use of natural resources particularly land and water, encourage investment which ultimately lead to increase the National economics. In addition to the strategic value to ensure the utilization of seasonal water sources, contribution to food and water security for both human and animal in the area, and finally providing different financial sources to support Sudan development programmes. Moreover, to identify the best methods that contribute towards better utilization and conservation of natural resources and the problem associated with it. Some methods were used to collect data, namely the primary data through reconnaissance, questionnaire, observation, group discussion, personal interviews, photographing, official records and reports. In addition to the vegetation and soil moisture content measurements, which covered five selected sites (Errahad turda, Elain dam, Elgenainya fula, Elobeid dam and Elayara hafir) for practical field measurements. The results showed that these techniques have very effective role and a great contribution to reduce the causes of desertification and their negative impacts (85.6%), improving rangelands(83.1%), increasing crop production( 97.6%), forests and natural resources conservation (94%), food and water security (86.7%), livestock and agricultural insurance (96.4%), socioeconomic status improvement for farmers and pastoralists (96.4%) and ultimately rural areas stability and development (87.5%), as explained by the majority of the respondents. On the other XIX hand, the results of vegetation and soil moisture measurements showed that the vegetation cover have been exposed to various degrees of degradation which led to appearance of high amounts of unpalatable plant species around water points, resulting from overgrazing. Soil moisture content parameters showed that all treated sites (around water points), have recorded higher percentages than untreated sites as control, the plant composition index were; 89.6% in Errahad, 72% in Elain, 87.6% in Elgenainya, 78.6% in Elobeid dam and 81% in Elayara compared to the control. Plant density index were; 44.8 in Errahad, 36 in Elain, 43.8 in Elgenainya, 39.3 in Elobeid and 40.5 in Elayara. Forage density index were; 33.3 in Errahad, 29 in Elain, 20.5 in Elgenainya, 25.3 in Elobeid and 24.5 in Elayara compared to the control. Ground cover percentages were; 56.3% in Errahad, 72.5% in Elain, 63.8% in Elgenainya, 85% in Elobeid and 35% in Elayara compared to the control. Soil moisture content; ranged from (18% to 43.8%) at depth 30 cm, and from (30% to 55.5 %), at depth 60 cm for all sites, compared to mean of control sites (13.4% and 24.6%), respectively. Plant diversity within five sites was estimated as palatable (64.3% to 78.6%), and unpalatable (21.4% to 35.7%), respectively. The main problems and constraints confronting the sustainability of water harvesting techniques and their adopted project in the area of the study are the followings: limitation of finance, machinery, equipment and tools, mismanagement, weakness in coordination and cooperation system, absence of adequate studies and lack of applied research, weakness in (conception, initiation, maintenance, operation, monitoring, and evaluation), in addition to the wrong design and unsustainable activities, and the absence of active extension programmes. The results stated that the WH techniques still as one of the important tools for seasonal rainwater resources( valleys, natural plains) management for the different purposes of use such as; drinking water and for domestic use, agriculture and it is important for maintenance; buildings, infrastructure(roads, railway) and agricultural schemes from runoff and floods and consequently support the rational use for natural resources to ensure the future of sustainable development in the whole country. Moreover, the adoption of techniques has not represented any danger or damages on that area. The level of participation of local communities in the activities of the project is described as very good; this reflects the potentiality of the project in mobilizing the local community for the adoption of the different activities. The study arrived to valuable conclusions and necessary recommendations, which is considered as useful and possible to use as base for the further studies
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    Effect of Water Quantities & Intervals of Irrigation on Production &Sennoside Content of Senna makka (Cassia acutifolia L)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-17) Yasin Abdelrhman Makkawi Abdelrhman ; Mohmmoud F. Elmula Ahamed ; Agronomy
    -A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2003 / 2004) in the demonstration farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology at shambat. This study is conducted to test three levels of water ( 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity), and three irrigation intervals (7, 10, and 14 days) on yield and Sennoside content (Sennoside A&B) of Alexandrian senna (Cassia acutifolia L) during the period from 28th April to 21th August. Data recorded included plant height, number of branches / plant, leaf number / plant, leaf area, pod number / plant, fresh and dry weights, leaves yield, pods yield, percentage of Sennoside content of pod, Sennoside content of leaves at flowering stage, and after fruiting stage. The results showed that irrigation interval of 7 days increased significantly the vegetative growth over 10 days, and 14 days. Leaves yield after fruiting stage was 322.7, 306.9, and 251.6 kg / feddan during the first season, and 299.6, 287.3, and 220.7 kg / feddan during the second season, for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days. Interval of 7 days increased leaves yield after fruiting stage than intervals of 10, and 14 days by about (5.15%), (28.3 %) during the first seasen, and by about (4.3%), (36 %) during the second season. Water quantity of 90 % field capacity increased the vegetative growth significantly over quantities of 50 %, and 75 % of field capacity. Leaves yield after fruitng stage was 198.4, 290, and 392.9 kg / feddan during the first season, and 158.9, 275.3, and 372.9 kg / feddan, for quantities of 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity, water quantity of 90 % field capacity increased leaves yield after firuting stage than quantities of 50 %, and 75 % FC by about (98 %), and (30.4 %) during the first season, and by about (134.7 %), and (35.4 %) during the second season. Pod yield was 647.4, 560.3 and 356 kg / feddan during the first season, and 617.5, 475 and 312.8 kg / feddan during the second season for intervals of 7, 10 and 14 days.Interval of 7 days increased pod yield than intervals of 10 and 14 days by about (15.5 %) and (81.9 %) during the first season and by about (30 %) and (97.4 %) during the second season. Pod yield was 280.3, 548.4 and 735 kg / feddan during the first season and 232.7, 497.6 and 675 kg / feddan during the second season for quantities of 50 %, 75 % and 90 %. Water quantity of 90 % field capacity increased pod yield than quantities of 50 % and 75 % feld capacity by about (162.2 %) and (34 %) during the first season and by about (190.1 %) and (35.7 %) during the second season. The longer irrigation interval increased leaves Sennoside content at flowering, and after fruitng stages than shorter interval, leaves Sennoside content at flowering stage was 2.5 %, 2.68 % and 2.7 % during the first season and 2.42 %, 2.44 % and 2.65 % during the second season for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days, and after fruiting stage was 2.56 %, 2.24 % and 2.32 % during the first season, and was 2.32 %, 2.3 % and 2.3 % during the second season for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days. Pods Sennoside content was 5.35 %, 5.41 % and 5.46 % during the first season and was 5.07 %, 5.43 % and 5.35 % during the second season for intervals of 7, 10, and 14 days. Results showed that the highest quantities of water decreased the percentage of Sennoside content on leaves, and pods. The Sennoside content of leaves at flowering stage was 2.56 %, 2.63 % and 2.7 % during the first season, and was 2.49 %, 2.52 % and 2.51 % during the second season, and after fruiting stage was 2.31 %, 2.27 % and 2.24 % during the first season, and was 2.42 %, 2.29 % and 2.21 % during the second season for quantities of 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity. Pods Sennoside content was 5.48 %, 5.46 % and 5.28 % during the first season, and was 5.51 %, 5.32 % and 5.04 % during the second season for quantities of 50 %, 75 %, and 90 % field capacity.
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    Effect of Water Quantities and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
    (University of khartoum, 2015-06-14) Elsadig Ali Mohammed Hamouda ; Mahmoud F. Ahmed ; Agronomy
    A study was carried out for one year in the field to investigate the effects of four water quantities, applied at a fixed interval (7 days) and two levels of spacing, on the growth and yield of groundnut cultivar Wad Medani. A second objective was to determine the efficiency of water use (amount of water use produced one unite of dry matter ). Increased water quantities increased the attributes of vegetative and reproductive growth such as plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area index, relative turgidity, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, final yield and water use efficiency. Number of leaves per plant, number of primary branches per plant, number of seeds/ pod and shelling percentage were not affected by water quantities. Reduced spacing increased both vegetative and reproductive growth such as plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area index, relative turgidity of leaves, number of pods / plant, 100- seed weight and final yield. Both shoot dry weight, number of seeds/ pod and shelling percentage were not affected by spacing. The yield components(particularly number of pods/ plant, and 100-seed weight) and final yield were mostly affected by both water quantities and spacing.
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    Effect Of Water Quantities And Weeding On The Vegetative Growth And Yield Of Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-05) Gaffar Mohamed Betek ; Mahmoud Fadl El Mula Ahmed ; Agronomy
    The effect of three water quantities (400 mm, 500mm, 600mm) and three hand weedings on vegetative growth and yield of sunflower (hybrid Hysun 33), was investigated in season 2000/2001, in the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat. The results showed that water quantity has no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per plant, shoot dry weight, relative turgidity, number and weight of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, percentage of empty seeds , nor on the final yield. However, increased water quantity significantly increased stem and disc diameter, leaf area index and oil percentage. Weeding did not affect plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000seed weight, harvest index, percentage of empty seeds, oil percentage, nor the final yield. However, weeding significantly affected stem diameter, shoot dry weight, relative turgidity, leaf area index and weight of seeds per plant
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    Effect Of Water Stress And Phosphorous Fertilizer On Growth, Yield And Quality Of Clitoria (Clitoria ternatea L.) Plant In Shambat - Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-06-16) Manal Khider Abdala Elshoush ; Dr. Ghazi Hamid Badawi ; Department of Agronomy
    An experiment was conducted at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum in 2007 to study the effect of water stress applied at early and late growth stages and three levels of phosphorous fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of clitoria (Clitoria ternatea) plant. As split plot design with three replicates was used. Water stress was a signed to main plot and phosphorous to the sub-plot. Three water treatments were applied control (no stress), early water stress (30 days after sowing) and late water stress (60 days after sowing) by with holding irrigation water for 20 days, and three levels of phosphorus (0.0, 125, and 520 kg P2O5/ha) were applied in the form of triple super phosphate (48% P2O5). The following parameters were measured: days to 50% flowering, plant height number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, leaf to stem ratio, fresh yield and dry yields per plant, fresh and dry yields per hectare for the first crop and fresh and dry yields per hectare for the ratoon crop and some quality aspects these were protein, fibre and carbohydrate major. The result revealed that water stress and phosphorous had no significant effect on all the measured parameters. Similarly, the interaction between water stress and phosphorous had no significant effect on these parameters