Department of Geography

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The Adaptation Mechanisms and Coping Strategies to Environmental Degradation in Tokar Area – Red Sea State – Sudan

(University of Khartoum, 2015-06-13) Ibrahim Elsayed Elbeshir ; Geography

This study focuses on the causal relationship between human adaptations and environmental degradation in Tokar area, the southeast part of the Red Sea State. In this area the traditional agro-pastoral adaptations adopted by local inhabitants were viable and adaptable to the natural environment of the area, collapsed and changed into multi-active households mechanisms based on both land based activities and wage labour in towns due to the degradation of natural resources which is caused by state intervention in rural economy, urbanization as well as the effect of climate. Two approaches are used in this work; the regional approach so as to study human adaptations in specific environment and the political ecology approach in which both the ecological and socio-political structures are combined to discuss causes of environmental degradation and changes in human adaptations. 300 samples are used for this study distributed between Tokar and Agig mahalyias (localities). This study finds that environmental degradation in this area is attributed to state intervention in rural economy, urbanization and the effect of climate. Due to the degradation of natural resources the traditional agropastoral adaptations were collapsed and changed into multi-active household mechanisms in which animal raising, agriculture, charcoal production, fishing and wage labour in towns are the activities performed by local inhabitants to cope with environmental degradation in this area. This study recommends the following recommendations to preserve the natural environment of the area and to improve the living conditions of local inhabitants: 1- To develop an effective local development approach in Tokar area.2- To develop governmental structures to deal with environmental degradation in the area. 3- Capacity building for local inhabitants and official employed in the field of resources utilization
Application Remote; Sensing; G.I.S.To Monitor ;Land; Cover Basin ;River Atbara –Sudan

(University of Khartoum, 2015-05-11) Ibrahim Saeed ; Abbas Shasha Musa (Supervisor ; Osman A/Rahim Osman (Co. Supervisor) ; Geography

This study is an attempt to investigate land use and land cover changes along the upper basin of the River Atbara in Sudan and their environmental consequences using remote sensing and the Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. In order to achieve that, land use and land cover activities are classified into eleven categories (Table 1). Satellite images for the study area, in three different periods, were collected and analyzed to detect the changes in land cover, and accordingly three maps of land use and land cover were produced (Maps No. 9,10 and11), by using the computer soft ware ILWIS (International land and water Information System), as well as three maps of land cover changes were also produced (Maps No. 12,13 and14). The changes in extent and percentage of the different land cover categories were calculated for the different periods (1973,1986 and 1996) in (tables 5,6 and 7). The investigation showed that, the area suffers from wide spread changes of land cover and land use change especially in agricultural areas, forest and, range lands. The mechanized rain-fed agriculture had expanded at the expense of rangelands and forests, that led to land degradation by enhancing the soil erosion and consequently the crop yield declined sharply due to the decreased fertility between 1970-1990 (Tables 13 and 14). The investigation also revealed that, despite the shrinking of the rangelands area, the number of the grazing animals continued to increase. These simultaneous changes enhanced the degradation process in the area. Disappearing of some palatable vegetation species and, appearance 98 of undesired species particularly at the north of the area was a good indication for land degradation. Clearance of natural vegetation (forests) also led to appearance of gully erosion in many parts of the area (plate,3). This geomorpholoical process resulted in siltation at the lake of Khashm el-Girba reservoir, accordingly it’s capacity reduced which consequently led to shortage of irrigation water in New Halfa Agricultural Scheme (NHAS), and lessened the electric generation of the dam (Fig. 17). Karablands (Typical badlands ) which lies along the banks of the River Atbara and its tributaries represent a unique phenomenon in the area, therefore it has been investigated thoroughly well in a separate chapter (Chapter 6). After a geomorphological and pedological studies, it appeared that, the karablands were a former in-land lake formed by the River Atbara which ended at that time (about 7000 years approximately), at Goz Rajab village. The river deposited its load in that lake, by time the River Atbara reached The River Nile and made its way in its former deposits, due to climatic change towards drier periods which enhanced erosional processes that formed the karablands .
Causes and Impacts of Land Cover Changes at Sharq Alneel Locality-Khartoum State (1973-2014) - Using Remote Sensing Technique

(University of Khartoum, ) Sumaya Mohamed Awad Elseed Hassan ; GalalEldin Eltayeb ; Geography

The extension of bare lands at the expense of productive land areas has been a repeated phenomenon in different places on earth’s surface and there are many evidences which indicate human misuse of land in addition to climatic factors that accelerated this phenomenon, as it is the case in the study area. The main objective of the study is to detect the land cover changes at SharqAlneel Locality, Khartoum State in 41 years (1973-2014), andto show the drivers of land cover changes and their environmental and socio-economic consequences. The study used remote sensing technique, which considered as one of the most important recent means that facilitates efficient decision making for resources management, as baseline tool to detect land cover changes and this technique has been supported by qualitative interviews. Four satellite imageries were used in this study which are: Multi-Spectral Scanner (land sat1, MSS 1973), Thematic Mapper (land sat5, TM 1986 & 1995), and Operation Land Image (land sat8, OLI 2014) which were digitally processed using ERDAS IMAGINE 10.2 software to classify land cover types of the study area. To detect the land cover changes the images were classified into four classes: natural vegetations, bare lands, agricultural lands and residential areasusing supervised classification method and then an image differencing technique was applied to identify the changes in the years (1973-1986), (1986-1995), (1995-2014) and (1973-2014). The analysis of the satellite imageries showed the gradual transformation of natural vegetation cover to bare land. The findings showed that natural vegetation cover decreased from 8376 km2 in 1973 to 2710 km2 in 2014, while bare lands increased from 489 km2 in 1973 to 4454 km2 in 2014. All the types of land cover of the study area were increased at the expense of natural vegetation cover. These changes in natural vegetation cover indicates to the acceleration of land degradation as a normal result of climatic changes and human misuse of land in addition to absence of ongoing monitoring and assessments of natural pastures and desert creeping by the specialized authorities which ultimately led to different environmental and socio-economic impacts in the study area. The envisaged changes in the study area are very profound and demand rigorous scientific verification. Therefore, it is recommended that a multi – professional team to be assigned to carry out further comprehensive research to limit the progress of these changes.تكررت ظاهرة امتداد الاراضي الجرداء على مساحة الاراضي المنتجة في العديد من المواقع على سطح الكرة الأرضية، وتوجد دلائل كثيرة تشير إلى أن سوء استخدام الانسان للأرض بالاضافة الى العوامل المناخية قد ادى الى تسارع هذه الظاهرة، كما هو الحال في منطقة الدراسة.الهدف الرئيسي لهذه الدراسةهو الكشف عن تغيرات غطاء الارض بمحلية شرق النيل – ولاية الخرطوم خلال 41 عاما (1973-2014)، حيث توضح بصورة رئيسية أسباب هذه التغيرات وتأثيراتها الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية. استخدمت الدراسة تقنية الاستشعار عن بعد والتي تعتبر من اهم الوسائل المعاصرةالتي تسهل عملية اتخاذ القرارات في ادارة الموارد الطبيعية للكشف عن هذه التغيرات وتم تدعيمها بالمقابلات النوعية.حيث استخدمت الدراسة أربع مرئيات فضائية ملتقطة بواسطة القمر الاصطناعي الامريكي(land sat1 MSS,1973)و (land sat5, TM 1986 & 1995)و (land sat8 OLI, 2014) وتمت معالجتها رقميا باستخدام برنامج ERDAS IMAGINE 10.2لتحديد انواع غطاء الأرض. للكشف عن تغيرات غطاء الأرض بمنطقة الدراسة تم تصنيفهذه المرئيات الى أربعة انواع من غطاءات الأرض هي النباتات الطبيعية، الأراضي الجرداء، الأراضي الزراعية ثم المناطق السكنية باستخدام طريقة التصنيف الموجه، ومن ثم تم تطبيق تقنية Image differencingلتحديد التغيرات بين عامي (1973 و1986) ، (1986 و 1995) ، (1995 و 2014)، ثم بين عامي (1973 و 2014). هذا التحليل للمرئيات الفضائية اوضح التحول التدريجي للغطاء النباتي الطبيعي إلى أرض جرداء. أشارت النتائج إلى تراجع الغطاء النباتي الطبيعي من 8376 كلم2 في العام 1973 إلى 2710 كلم2 في العام 2014، بينما زادت الاراضي الجرداء من 489 كلم2 في العام 1973 إلى 4454 كلم2 في العام 2014، مع ملاحظة أن كل أنواع غطاء الأرض - في منطقة الدراسة - قد زادت بنسب متفاوتة على حساب مساحة النباتات الطبيعية. هذاه التغيرات الحادثة للغطاء النباتي الطبيعي يُشير إلى تسارع تدهور الأرض في منطقة الدراسة، كنتيجة طبيعية لتغيرات المناخ وسوء استخدام الإنسان للأرض، في ظل غياب المتابعة المستمرة لتقييم مساحة المراعي الطبيعية، والغابات، وزحف الصحراء من الجهات المتخصصة والمعنية بالأمر، مما ادىالىمختلفالتأثيراتالإقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيئية بمنطقة الدراسة.هذه التغيراتالمتصورة في غطاء الأرض بمنطقة الدراسة تغيرات عميقة وبعيدة المدى، وتتطلب التحقق منها بصورة علمية وحاسمة، لهذا السبب فقد أوصت الدراسة بتعيين فريق عمل متعدد التخصصات لإجراء دراسة شاملة تحد من تطور هذه التغيرات.
التحول و التغير في نظم الإقتصاد الريفي بمناطق السودان الهامشية في الفترة من 1980- 2005 م

(University of Khartoum, ) حلو عبدالعاطي محمد ; حسن عبدالله المنقوري ; قسم جغرافيا

This study investigates the transformations and changes in rural economy systems in Southern White Nile State (Kosti and ElGebelein Localities). The main objective of this study is to explore the indicators of these transformations and changes, the main factors behind them, and the impacts. To achieve its objectives, the study adopted the regional cultural political, ecology approach, which combine the economic, political, demographic, and social concerns in the analysis of man-nature relationship. The study was based on primary data collected during fieldwork using questionnaire, interviews, group discussion, and direct observation, besides the secondary data from both published and unpublished sources. The study showed that the rural economy has been significantly transformed and changed during the last decades. Indicators of this transformation and changing include: deterioration of traditional production systems, lack of means of production, poor income, drop-out from traditional sectors, more pressure on natural resources, rapid rate of wage labours migration, weakness of traditional institutions, social relation network, moral economy and rapid rural-urban migration. The study indicated that this transformation and change is due to many factors including: economic, natural, demographic, and political factors. The study concluded that a comprehensive rural development approach (sustainable rural livelihood and capacity building approach) and the elimination of structural obstacles that hinder traditional activities and recognition of the legitimate rights of traditional producers are the best means to conserve and revitalize the rural production system and to achieve sustainable development in the future.
التغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للنازحين بمدينة الفاشر وانعكاساتها على خيارات العودة الطوعية بولاية شمال دارفور للفترة من 2003م إلى 2014م

(University of Khartoum, 2016-05) عبد الرحمن أحمد محمد عبد الرازق

مستخلص عنوان البحث: التغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للنازحين بمدينة الفاشر وإنعكاساتها على خيارات العودة الطوعية بولاية شمال دارفور (2003م -2014م). اسم الطالب: عبدالرحمن أحمد محمد عبدالرازق الدرجة: دكتوراه الفلسفة في علوم الجغرافيا والبيئة تناولت هذه الدراسة التغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للنازحين بمدينة الفاشر وانعكاساتها على خيارات العودة الطوعية بولاية شمال دارفور في الفترة 2003- 2014م. وهدفت إلى الوقوف على معسكرات النزوح من حيث موقعها وأحجامها وتخطيطها والخدمات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية وأنماط الحياة التي بداخلها مقارنة بما كان عليه النازحون بمناطقهم قبل النزوح، كما هدفت إلى التعرف على التغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي حدثت للنازحين أثرت سلباً على خيارات العودة الطوعية لهم. استخدمت الدراسة عدة مناهج للتحقق من فرضياتها ، منها المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التاريخي والمنهج الإقليمي والمنهج التحليلي الإحصائي والمنهج السلوكي ومنهج الإيكلوجيا السياسية. تم الحصول على المعلومات والبيانات من مصادرها الأولية المتمثلة في الملاحظة والمعايشة والاستبيان والمقابلة، وكلك مصادرها الثانوية المتمثلة في الكتب والبحوث العلمية والتقارير الرسمية. استخدمت الاستبانة عينات إحصائية مختارة بالطرق العلمية وممثلة للمجتمع الإحصائي والبالغ عددهم (121.500 نازحاً) وحجم العينة (500 نازحاً) موزعة على ثلاثة معسكرات (أبو شوك- زمزم - السلام) وتم تحديد حجم العينة على أساس أن حجم العينة 2.5% بحكم كبر حجم المجتمع الإحصائي، وتم استخدام برنامج SPSS لتحليل البيانات الكمية المتعلقة بالتغيرات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للنازحين قبل وبعد النزوح ومن ثم ربط ذلك بخيارات العودة الطوعية للنازحين. أظهرت الدراسة حدوث تغيرات إقتصادية واجتماعية للنازحين في إنماط حياتهم المعيشية داخل المعسكرات مقارنة بما كانوا عليه قبل النزوح. وفيما يتعلق بالعودة الطوعية فإن الدراسة قد توصلت إلى أن توفر الخدمات الأساسية، بما في ذلك الأمن وتنشيط الاقتصادي الريفي، يعتبر من أهم محفزات العودة. وفي المقابل أن إحساس البعض بعدم توفر الأمن الكافي وعدم التزام الحكومة والسلطة الإقليمية بما تضمنته اتفاقية السلام، إضافة إلى أن توفر سبل كسب العيش الجديدة في المعسكرات (التجارة، الحرف، الوظائف، الأعمال الهامشية، وتوفير الخدمات الاجتماعية داخل المعسكرات) قد أثرت سلباً على خيارات العودة الطوعية. طرحت الدراسة عدداً من التوصيات فيما يتصل بالعودة الطوعية، منها ضرورة إعادة توطين النازحين وتوفير السكن الملائم لهم حفاظاً على البيئة، مع الاهتمام بإعادة بناء وتأهيل المرافق الخدمية التي دمرتها الحرب، وتوفير الأمن للاستقرار، وتكوين لجنة عليا تضم أصحاب المصلحة وآليات لتنفيذ برنامج العودة الطوعية. هذا بالإضافة إلى تنمية المناطق الريفية، وتوفير الخدمات الاجتماعية. Research Title: The Economic and Social Changes of the Displaced in Al Fasher Town and their Reflections on the Options of Voluntary Repatriation in the State of North Darfur (2003-2014). Student’s name: Abdel Rahman Ahmed Mohamed Abdel Razig. Degree: PhD (Geography and Environmental Sciences). This study tackled the economic and social changes of the displaced in Al Fasher town and their reflections on the options of voluntary repatriation in the state of North Darfur during the period, 2003-2014. The study aimed at investigating the displacement camps in terms of their locations, sizes, planning, the social and economic services and modes of living therein in comparison with the displaced conditions in their areas before the displacement. Likewise, it aimed at getting acquaintance with the economic and social changes which occurred to the displaced and negative affected their options of voluntary repatriation. The study adopted several methods to verify its hypotheses, including the descriptive, historical, and regional methods; the statistical analytical method; the behavioral method; and the political ecology method. The data were obtained from primary sources, including observation, coexistence, questionnaire and interview, as well as secondary sources in the form of books, scientific researches and official reports. The questionnaire used statistical samples which were selected through the scientific methods and they were representative of the study population, which consists of 121.500 people. The size of the sample amounted to 500 IDPs distributed in three camps (Abu Shouk, Zamzam and Al-Salam). The size of the sample was determined on the basis of 2.5% due to the large size of the study population. The Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis of the quantitative data, which are related to the economic and social changes of the displaced before and after the displacement and then to link this with the options of the voluntary repatriation of the displaced. The study revealed the occurrence of some economic and social changes in their mode of livelihood of the displaced inside the camps in comparison with their pre-displaced conditions. As to the voluntary repatriation, the study found that the availability of the basic services, including the security and the activation of the rural economy are considered among the most important incentives for the repatriation. In contrast, the feeling of some of the (displaced) of non-availability of sufficient security and the lack of the commitment of the government and the Regional Authority to the stipulations of the Peace Agreement, in addition to availability of the means of subsistence in the camps (trade, crafts, jobs, fringe works and the provision of the social services inside the camps) have negatively affected the options of voluntary repatriation. The study made a number of recommendations towards voluntary repatriation, including the necessity of the resettlement, provision of the appropriate habitation for the environment preservation, together with giving due attention to the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the service facilities that were destroyed by the war, provision of the necessary security for the stability, and forming a higher committee which comprises the stakeholders and a mechanism for implementation of the voluntary repatriation program. This is in addition to the development of the rural areas and availability of the social services.
دور الهجرة في التغير الاجتماعي والثقافي (دراسة حالة محلية البقعة بمحافظة أمبدة)

(جامعة الخرطوم, 2015-05-12) سميرة موسى أرمين ; د. عمر عبد الله عجيمي ; الجغرافيا

Migration phenomena with its various pattern, is consider as one of the major factors that influence social and cultural change. Sudan is one of the countries characterized by rural urban migration phenomena attributed to the economic, political, social or environmental causes. The internal rural urban migration is one of the most dominant types of migration in Sudan during the last decades and the national population censuses have manifested the increasing rates of internal migration in Sudan from 400150 person in 1955/1965 to (3.4) million person in 1993. It is most certainly, this increase will continue with high rates in case of persistence of the recent rates of rural poverty, and lack of political stability in many parts of Sudan especially the west and south. This research focuses and analytically deals with the role of migration in social and cultural transformation among the migrants at Omm Badda area in Khartoum State in order to show the role of migration in creation of social and cultural change among the migrant as an example of the prefary areas of the fast population growth. The study, also, aims to demonstrate the mechanisms and approaches adopted by the migrants for adaptation and to show the social and cultural integration of the migrants in the new environment and to what extend they have been affected by that new environment. For realizing the aims of the study, the researcher used an integral approach implied social geography, cultural, and historical approaches in addition to sociology theories, in order to make clear and analyze the study logically, which means the imperative of combination of these approaches and different theories. The study relied on the primary information obtained during the field survey has taken place in the study area using questionnaire and observation, that beside the secondary information collected from references, published and unpublished researches. The study has found that, the important indicators of social and cultural change are: education, economy, habitation status, and the work of women. These indicators lead to the social and cultural transformation. The study, also, has found that, migration to this area was from different geographical areas and, consequently, a number of different cultures, traditions, and customs were joint together and the migrants were adapted to the new situation which means an integration of different cultures, which finally lends to lessen the social and cultural gab between the different ethnic groups. The study showed the remarkable change of the migrant in the study area, is related with the language, tradition, customs, and the relationships among the migrant themselves, this appears clearly among the youth and children encouraged by the curiosity to tern the cultures of others, but this change has taken place partially among adult people. The study concluded that, migration play a vital role in the coming out into view of the area culture implied all cultural background of the Sudan, just as, it lead to the safety coexistence between the different tribes in the study area. Predominantly this fusion and integration will continue in the area which finally lead to the overall utter national fusion and integration to buildup Sudan national country.
مدينة الابيض

(University of Khartoum, ) سيد احمد محمد الحسن ; محمد محمود الديب
مدينة عطبرة دراسة فى جغرافية المدن

(University of Khartoum, ) محمد ادريس أحمد ; محمد محمود الصياد

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