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    Aburouf: A Sustainable Neighbourhood
    (university of Khartoum, 2016) Elsadig, Iglal Misbah ; Awad, Zuhal Eltayeb
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    Acacia seyal Gums in Sudan: A review
    (university of Khartoum, 2016) Awad, Sara ; Rabah, Ali ; Ali, Hasan ; Mahmoud, Tarig, E.
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    Adoption of New Engineering Systems for Base Maps Production and Crop Monitoring, Case study: Kenana Sugar Cane Corp.
    (University of Khartoum -Graduate College, 2013-02) Eltaib Ganawa ; Fatima AwadAllah
    Sugar cane is one of the most agricultural crops in terms of economic returns. In addition to sugar production enjoyed many products such as molasses and its derivatives as well as feed and paper and cardboard industry. In Sudan, due to the integration of many factors, such as appropriate climate, fertile soils, labour and reasonable infrastructures, sugar production started in 1962. Kenana Sugar Estate, situated in the Sudan, is considered to be one of the largest single estates in the world covering an area of 94,000 feddans (39,500 hectares). The Estate is situated 300 Km south of Khartoum. Geographically, it is located at latitude 13 degrees north and longitude and 30 degree, east. Although the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in sustainable development has been demonstrated, its utility for on-farm management has not yet been well appreciated in Sudan. This is particularly necessary since sustainable development can only be realized with the farmers’ participation. Development of integrated crop yield models using GIS as well as soil and water related parameters is necessary. The main objective of this project is to produce Digital Base Maps for different layers for Kenana Sugar Company using Satellite imagery, Global positioning System (GPS) and GIS technology and linking it with related database, will help planners, decision makers and managers at all levels to manage diagnoses the exiting problems and find the solution in relatively short time with minimum cost and efforts through the use of GIS capabilities. GIS can provide farm managers with an effective method to visualize, manipulate, analyze and display spatial data, providing the backbone of a Precision Agriculture (PA) system. The RTK GPS Leica 520 was used to collect the coordinates’ reading from the field, total of eleven points distributed through the estate area were collected. These points can be used as base for any application inside the field. To create the features data for the study area, high resolution satellite image from IKONOS Satellite of one meter spatial resolution with three bands was used. The resolution of satellite images has improved considerably. As images are now available in the range of 1-5 m, remote sensing is increasingly being used in studies of sugar cane precision farming. The GIS and GPS have already become standard tools for building spatial databases and for geo-referencing fields and other spatial features. crop monitoring used to follow the crop status, different types of satellite images to detect the crop assessment and the situation inside the fields.
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    Adoption of New Engineering Systems for Base Maps Production and Crop Monitoring, Case study: Kenana Sugar Cane Corp.
    (UOFK, 2013-02) AwadAllah, Fatima ; Ganawa, Eltaib
    Sugar cane is one of the most agricultural crops in terms of economic returns. In addition to sugar production enjoyed many products such as molasses and its derivatives as well as feed and paper and cardboard industry. In Sudan, due to the integration of many factors, such as appropriate climate, fertile soils, labour and reasonable infrastructures, sugar production started in 1962. Kenana Sugar Estate, situated in the Sudan, is considered to be one of the largest single estates in the world covering an area of 94,000 feddans (39,500 hectares). The Estate is situated 300 Km south of Khartoum. Geographically, it is located at latitude 13 degrees north and longitude and 30 degree, east. Although the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in sustainable development has been demonstrated, its utility for on-farm management has not yet been well appreciated in Sudan. This is particularly necessary since sustainable development can only be realized with the farmers’ participation. Development of integrated crop yield models using GIS as well as soil and water related parameters is necessary. The main objective of this project is to produce Digital Base Maps for different layers for Kenana Sugar Company using Satellite imagery, Global positioning System (GPS) and GIS technology and linking it with related database, will help planners, decision makers and managers at all levels to manage diagnoses the exiting problems and find the solution in relatively short time with minimum cost and efforts through the use of GIS capabilities. GIS can provide farm managers with an effective method to visualize, manipulate, analyze and display spatial data, providing the backbone of a Precision Agriculture (PA) system. The RTK GPS Leica 520 was used to collect the coordinates’ reading from the field, total of eleven points distributed through the estate area were collected. These points can be used as base for any application inside the field. To create the features data for the study area, high resolution satellite image from IKONOS Satellite of one meter spatial resolution with three bands was used. The resolution of satellite images has improved considerably. As images are now available in the range of 1-5 m, remote sensing is increasingly being used in studies of sugar cane precision farming. The GIS and GPS have already become standard tools for building spatial databases and for geo-referencing fields and other spatial features. crop monitoring used to follow the crop status, different types of satellite images to detect the crop assessment and the situation inside the fields.
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    Adulteration of Herbal Preparations with Sildenafil and Tadalafil
    (university of Khartoum, 2015) Ahmed, SM ; Gadkariem, EA ; Mohamed, MA
    Herbal preparations for sexual dysfunction have increasingly been used by Sudanese patients over the last 10 years as they are readily available and perceived to be safe. Recently, repeated complaints about side effects, similar to those of sildenafil and tadalafil, have been disclosed by some patients who were on such herbal preparations. Based on this, we suggest that such herbal preparations are adulterated by sildenafil and tadalafil. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the presence/absence and quantity of sildenafil and tadalafil drugs in these herbal preparations. Methodology Thirty samples, collected form open market and/or licensed companies, were screened for Sildenafil and Tadalafil using TLC and adapted HPLC as qualitative and quantitative methods, respectively. Results: TLC analysis revealed that 40% of the tested samples were found to be adulterated with sildenafil and tadalafil (3:1). HPLC analysis revealed that a single dose of the adulterated samples contained 165.46±0.79 mg of sildenafil or 60.76±0.60 mg of tadalafil. Conclusion: Detection of sildenafil (>165 mg) and tadalafil (>60 mg) in 40% of the tested samples could explain the side effects reported by patients using these herbal preparations. Knowing that the maximum daily dose is 100 mg for sildenafil and 20 mg for tadalafil, repeated use of these preparations could result in potentially fatal side effects
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    Advances in Agricultural Research on Basic Food crops in Dry Land Ecosystems: Opportunities and Handicaps
    (University of Khartoum, 2014-02) Nour, M. A.
    This presentation will give a historical introduction and comparison of winter rainfall and summer rainfall ecosystems, including initiation of research and development (R&D.) in each. This will be followed by a brief statement of the components of each of the two systems: biotic, abiotic, socio-economic and socio-political. Commodity crop breeding spearheaded research all the way till the turn of the 21st Century. This was supported by research in crop husbandry, IPM, pathology, soils, water including supplementary irrigation....etc. The paper will touch on genetically modified crops and the role of multinationals in this regard. Handicaps and potentials for futuristic outlook will be discussed.
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    Analog Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator in Modern Communication Systems
    (University of Khartoum, 2016) Abdalrahman, Fida ; Elsiddig, Haj eltayeb ; Babiker, Sharief Fadul
    In today’s ways of communications, our delivery channels are basically dependent on electromagnetic media. In this context the frequency stability is a significant factor that plays an essential role in the design process of oscillators. A crystal oscillator represents one of the most popular types of oscillators that are popularly used in modern communication systems. The generated frequency from this kind of oscillators is affected by a number of environmental factors; greatly by the change in temperature. One procedure to stabilize the frequency of a crystal oscillator is known as a temperature compensation technique. In this paper this method will be presented. The design and results will be clearly explained. Frequency stability within the range ±2.5 ppm was achieved under a temperature range -20C to 70C.
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    Analytic Blackout Data for the Fully-Compensated Transmission Line
    (UOFK, 2012-02) EL-SADIK, Fayez Mohammed
    This paper presents a case for an analytical solution to the voltage stability of radial power links as determined by the maximum power transfer capability limit of a 100% capacitor-compensated transmission line. The prediction method uses an auxiliary circuit with variables that will simulate an active angle stability reference in the conventional sense of steady-state stability limits in radial links; but will not show in the final transfer characteristics of the source. The algebraic solution evolves in a voltage regulation curve that allows for dimensionless depiction of stability information including voltage limits for the stable transfer of maximum powers and hence for any powers below these maxima.
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    Analytical and Numerical Analysis for Tunnel Heading Stability
    (university of Khartoum, 2016) Elmanan, M. Atta ; Elarabi, H.
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    An animal free mycetoma grain model to study the therapeutic efficacy of various antifungal agents against the clinical entity of this infection
    (UOFK, 2015-02) de Sande, Wendy W.J. van
    Eumycetoma is a mutilating, chronic, granulomatous, progressive disease of mainly the foot which is most commonly caused by Madurella mycetomatis. Treatment of this infection is difficult and success rates are poor, even although the fungus itself is extremely susceptible towards the azole class of antifungal agents, in vitro. These in vitro results were generated against fungal hyphae, but in vivo, mycetoma causative agents organize themselves in granules called grains. These grains are composed of the causative agent and a protective cement-material. Therefore, in developing a new therapy for mycetoma, the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents needs to be determined against grains. Until now, grains could only be generated in animal models. It is not possible to generate grains in vitro. Several animal models have been developed for mycetoma over the years. These models have been established in different hosts, ranging from mice and guinea pigs to goats and monkeys. But there is a large drawback to these animal models. From our own experience we noted that, already minutes after infection, mice become discomforted. They stay in this miserable state till 3 days after inoculation when they either tend to recover or die. The mortality rate for this infection model is relatively high (20-90% for the high load infections). Therefore there is a need for a model in which grains can be formed without having to use animals. At the moment, the most studied alternative for mammal infection models is the wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella. These larvae have a cellular and humoral immune system and can be maintained at 370C, conditions beneficial for mimicking the attacks mycetoma causative agents will encounter when entering the human host. Furthermore, these larvae have been used as alternative model systems to study the fungal infections candidiasis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis. For some of these infections, therapeutic efficacy studies have been performed in these models, resembling the therapeutic response found in animal models and in the clinical situation, indicating that Galleria mellonella would indeed be a good model system for the fungal mycetoma infection. In this presentation, I will highlight the development of a M. mycetomatis grain model in larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella, the infection itself but also the responses towards commonly used antifungal agents will be shown.
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    Antibacterial Activity of Twelve Medicinal Plants
    (University of Khartoum, 2015) Elnima, Eai ; Ali, Iam
    The ever growing bacterial resistance to both conventional and alternative antibiotics renders it dif-ficult to manage infected wounds and abscesses and other infectious diseases. Hence, the aim of this study was to find antibacterial agents from a collection of medicinal plants that have been in use for thousands of years in traditional Sudanese medicine
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    Antibacterial Screening of Combretum Hartmannianum, Acacia Seyal and Terminalia Laxiflora Wood Extracts
    (university of Khartoum, 2015) Hassan, AA ; Mariod, AA
    Combretum hartmannianum (Alhabeel) and Terminalia laxiflora (Subaq) are a genra of large trees of the flowering plant family Combretaceae which has well-documented medicinal uses in Asia and Africa. Acacia Seyal (Fabaceae) Talh, is traditionally used as chewing sticks with an antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus facials and also displays cholesterol-lowering and anti-diabetic properties. The heartwood of the three studied plants were oven-dried, ground and extracted using methanol. The methanolic extract was sequentially fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts along with dry powder of wood of the plants were tested for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria Salmonella, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The anti bacterial activity of the heartwood of the three plants studied was accumulated in the ethyl acetate fraction. The ethyl acetate extract of the wood of T. laxiflora and C. hartmannianum gave the highest zone of inhibition of 18 mm at a concentration of 2.5mg/ml against E. coli and Samonella, respectively. All other extracts showed moderate zones of inhibition 14 - 17 mm against all tested bacteria. The present study has proved the potential of Combretum hartmannianum, Acacia Seyal and Terminalia Laxiflora plants to be used for antibacterial, medicinal purposes.
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    Antidiabetic and Hypolipidaemic Effects of Citrus aurantifolin Leaves on Hyperglycaemic and diabetic Rats
    (UOFK, 2015-02) Howeida, Mustafa A. ; Idris, Eltayeb B. ; Almahdi, Ali M. ; . Sania, Shaddad A ; Abdelwahhab, Mohammad H.
    Objectives: This research aimed to study the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Citrus aurantifolin leaves, in hyperglycaemic (type II) and Streptozotocin diabetic rats (type I). Methodology: This plant was phytochemically screened using the standard methods for determination of its chemical composition., The hypolipidaemic and hypoglycaemic effects were determined following the Glucose tolerance test (GTT) model and the results were compared to the control and the reference drugs Insulin and Glibenclamide for types I and II diabetes mellitus respectively. Results: Phytochemical screening of C.aurantifolin revealed presence of sterols (++), alkaloids (+), fla64rfc 64rfc 4wsazThe results of this research in type II showed that both extracts of C.aurantifolin exhibited an early persistent hypoglycaemic effect in type II hyperglycaemic rats as compared to the control. Both doses of the aqueous extract and dose 400 mg ∕ kg of the methanolic extract reduced blood glucose significantly (P <0.001) throughout the experiment, while dose 200 mg ∕ kg of the methanolic extract reduced blood glucose significantly (P<0.05) throughout the experiment. In type I diabetic rats, the hypoglycaemic effect was slow but highly significant (P <0.001) as it only started at the 4th hour post dosing. Regarding the effect of C.aurantifolin on blood cholesterol, the aqueous extract showed an earlier, less persistent and highly significant (P <0.001) hypocholesterolaemic effect in type II hyperglycaemic rats than the methanolic extract as its effect occured at the 1st hour only while dose 400 mg/kg of the methanolic reduced cholesterol level significantly (P<0.05), at the 2nd and 4th hours and dose 200 mg/kg at the 1st and 2nd hours post dosing. In type I diabetic rats, dose 400 mg/kg and Insulin,showed a significant (P <0.05) hypocholesterlaemic effect at the 4th hour post dosing, the effect of the extract continued to the 8th hour. The highest significant reduction (P <0.001) was exhibited by dose 200mg/kg of the methanolic extract at the 4th hour post dosing. Concerning blood triglycerides, both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of C.aurantifolin, reduced blood triglycerides significantly (P <0.001) and (P<0.05),at the 2nd and 4th hours post dosing, respectivly.In Type I diabetic rats,the effect of the aqueous extract was highly significant (P <0.001) since the 1st hour and continued throughout the experiment. The methanolic extract, reduced blood triglycerides significantly (P<0.05) 8 and 12 hours post dosing while the effect of Insulin was significant (P<0.05) since the 1st hour and continued throughout the experiment. In conclusion the leaves of C.aurantifolin confirmed its traditional use in herbal medicine as a hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic agent which can be very effective.
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    Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Plasmid Profiling of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Poultry in Khartoum State, Sudan.
    (university of Khartoum, 2016) Elsafi, Hassan. E. Hag ; Siddig, Mohamed. A. M. ; Urtaza, J. A. Martinez
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    Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on Clinical Isolates obtained from Hospitalized Patients
    (University of Khartoum, 2015) EI Elnima, RZ Abdel Nabi ; Ahamed, MA
    Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is of great concern for patients who are criti¬cally ill and immunocompromised. Unfortunately, resistance to available anti-pseudomonal agents is on the rise, jeopardizing selection of appropriate treatment and subsequently increasing morbidity and mortality in patients infected with this pathogen. The present study was carried out in Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Fedail Hospital and Military Hospital to investigate the problem of resistance among P. aeruginosa isolates as well as to determine the relationship patterns of resistance and anti¬biotics consumption.
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    Application of GIS for Irrigation Management (Gezira scheme as an example)
    (University of Khartuom, 2016) Hardlo, Hassan
    Gezira Scheme, Irrigation, Agriculture, GIS, Silt, Weeds Irrigation and agricultural services are sorts of activities held by scheme authorities to facilitate agriculture and irrigation. They composed of water supply, water management, system maintenance and number of agricultural operations. Such works involve handling of large amount of information about the canalization system and the cultivated areas. Geographic Information System is now widely used in saving, retrieving and analyzing information for better decision making. It is a tool that can help managing and enhancing information and activities to achieve better decisions. Since the start of Gezira scheme, the maintenance work of the canalization system passed through many phases. The first phase was when the crop cultivated was cotton only. The following phases encountered many changes in crops and forms of administrations. The cost of maintenance work became very high due to the escalated quantities of silt deposited and weeds. In order to reduce this high cost, accurate information and measurements of accumulated silt and weeds have to be obtained. The calculations of the deposited silt and measuring of infested weeds in canals were done manually using the conventional means and approximations. Electricity energy is now entered most of the rural areas where irrigation offices are found. So, those offices can be provided with Pcs. This facilitate using of modern techniques of computer system soft ware’s. This can increase the computation accuracy which optimize water demand and reduce volumes of silt and weeds and hence maintenance costs.
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    Application of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Methodology in Pavement Distress Evaluation and Maintenance Prioritization
    (UOFK, 2012-02) Mergi, Kamal Masoud ; Mohamed, El Karim Mustafa
    : The study is concerned with the adaptation of visual condition survey methodology and implementation of Pavement Condition Index (PCI) in evaluation of pavement distress and prioritization of pavement maintenance of the Sudan paved road network. It is implemented on large part of the national road network (55% of the road network). The Sudan national highway has no enough budgets available for maintenance, and there is no standard priority method used to allocate the available pavement maintenance budget. The study aims to adapt assessment methodology and contribute in making better decisions with respect to expenditures of pavement maintenance in Sudan. In this research a comprehensive road visual condition survey for pavement distresses of the 60% of road network length (2780 km) is carried out and the study ranks the project according to its Index (PCI, excellent, very good, good, fair, bad, failed) and set initial priorities based on “the worst first” concept. The survey quantifies types, severity, density and percent of each distress on each road and determines its condition index, finally, a list of priorities and maintenance needs were generated. The study uses generated Polynomial equations instead of standard curves. The correlation between the data obtained from the standard curves and polynomials shows best fit condition (R2 more than 0.99).This paper presents the methodology and discusses the results of the visual condition survey.The visual condition survey methodology adopted to determine the pavement condition for Sudan paved road Network, based on ASTM Standard D6433, 2003. It provides a common method for describing distress on asphalt pavement in Sudan road network like cracks, bleeding, bump and sags, potholes, patching, raveling, swelling, etc…. It improves communication within pavement community, by fostering more uniform and consistent definitions of pavement distress. It increases the awareness of importance of road maintenance and rehabilitation and provides a tool for formulating rational bases for assessment of pavement condition and evaluation. Thus sets initial priorities for adopting roads project short list for rehabilitation in certain year. It can, therefore, play an important role in developing the strategic planning of road maintenance, and when detailed surveys were conducted, the inventory data can be used at project level.The outcomes of this study are development of road numbering system; adaptation of pavement condition survey methodology; evaluation of (2782 km) pavement condition on the national roads and prioritizing the maintenance of road sections using PCI and worst first concept.