Institute of Environmental Studies

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    Aerobic bacteria associated with fish meat marketed in Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-25) Ali,Shams Elnour Suliman ; Tawfig Eltigani Mohamed ; Food Hygiene and Safety
    The present work was carried out to isolate the bacteria present in different fish samples. The samples were collected from Elmorada Fish Market in Omdurman. A total of 48 samples comprised of 16 gills, 16 skins and 16 abdominal fluid were cultured for isolation of bacteria. Fish used as samples for bacterial isolation were Tilapia (Bulti), Aleses (Kawawar), Hydnocynus (Kas), Tleradon (Thamberia), Marmyrus (Khashm elbanat), Lates (Eigil), Synodontis (Gargur), Labeo (Dabs) and Bagnus (Bayuda). Both Gram-positive bacteria 68 isolates(70%) and Gram-negative bacteria 28 isolates(29.1%) were isolated from different fish samples. The isolated Gram- positive bacteria were Staphylococcus and Bacillus. The isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia hermnni, Escherichia fergusonii, Proteus (morgenella, morgani, pennri), Hafinia alveri (Entrobacteriaciae), Proteus miabilis and Klebsiella pneamoniae.
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    Aerobic Bacteria Associated With Fresh And Processed Of Camel’s Meat
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-25) Ahmed, Hanadi ; Tawfig ElTigani Mohamed ; Food Hygiene and Safety,
    This study was carried out to determine the aerobic bacteria associated with camel's meat. The samples collected from different stages of camel slaughtered at Elbugaa slaughter house (Omdurman) for local consumption and Elkadaro slaughter house (Kh. North ) for export. Also samples were collected from workers , knives and equipments which were used to cut Carcass (saw and cutter machine). A total of 157 samples collected from both areas comprised of 20 thigh muscles, 20 back muscles, 20 shoulder muscles, 20 swabs from outer skin, 20 swabs from internal cavity, 20 from surfaces of carcasses, 13 swabs from workers' hands, 6 swabs from saws, 15 swabs from knives and one swab from carcass cutter machine in Elkadaro slaughter house. All these samples were cultured for the isolation of aerobic bacteria. Gram positive bacteria (373 isolates) and Gramnegative bacteria (181 isolates) were isolated from different samples collected from both areas. Also other samples were collected from different sites for sausage processing and from workers, spices and machines at Regional training Center for Meat Inspection, hygiene and grading. All these samples were examined to determine aerobic bacteria. The isolates were comprised of Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. Gram-positive isolated were Staphyllococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Gram-negative isolated were E.coli, Pseudomonas proteus , Citrobacter, Edwardsiella tarda, Acinetobacter, and Klebsiella. The spices, machines and workers during processing were found to be sources of contamination of the meat during processing. Also the end product of the processed meat was stored at 4°C for 5 days and reexamined . and then found that micrococcus , Streptococcus and Pseudomonas were increased and Corynebacterium, E.coli were decreased after storage but Staphylococcus and Bacillus were still constant Edwardseilla tarda was disappeared after cold storage. Different types of antibiotics were used for sensitivity tests of bacteria isolated from fresh meat as well as from processed meat. All Gram-positive and Gram-negative were found to be sensitivity to Gentamycin and Ampicillin. Grampositive bacteria were found to be highly sensitive to Tetracycline.
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    Aerobic bacteria isolated from Yoghurt Processed in Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-25) Abdel Hamid,Sulafa Maysara yasein ; Tawfig Eltigani Mohamed ; Food Hygiene and Safety
    This study was carried out in the department of Preventive medicine and public health, faculty of Vet-medicine, University of Khartoum in order to isolate and identity the types of Coliforms and other aerobic bacteria present in commercial yoghurt in Khartoum state. Twenty four yoghourt samples were cultured, twelve of them were considered Factory made yoghourt samples, and the other 12 represent the home made samples. Coliforms were isolate from 3 yoghourt samples of factory origin and 8 isolate from the home made samples .Also 8 different types of aerobic gram positive bacteria were isolate and the isolates were mainly micrococci followed by bacilli. All isolates were subjected to sensitivity test against five antibiotic discs. Variable degrees of sensitivity pattern were shown but 75% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin while 90% were sensitive to gentamycin.
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    Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Fluid Milk Products, Khartoum State 2015
    (University of Khartoum, ) Abeer Awad Alamin Fadlalla ; Ibtisam El Yas Mohamed El Zubeir
    Background: Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites found in foods and feeds. When ruminants eat Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)– contaminated feedstuffs, they metabolize the toxin and excrete AFM1 in milk. The aim of this study was to determine contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in fluid milks in Khartoum State, Sudan Methods: The samples were analyzed by aflasensor kits, using screening method; eighty seven samples of fluid milks were collected from different sources randomly. About 25 samples from dairy farms (raw) and 62 samples of processed milk from 3 factories; 40 UHT, 12 flavored UHT and 10 pasteurized milk. Rapid test was used for detection of aflatoxin M1 (Aflasensor kit). Result: The presence of AFM1 contamination was detected in most of the milk samples (85.06%). High prevalence (88.7%) of aflatoxin M1 was detected in the processed milk (flavored, pasteurized and UHT revealed 100%, 100% and 82%, respectively) and the raw milk showed 92%. Almost 85.06% of the contaminated milk samples exceeded the European Commission level (0.05 µg/kg) and Codex Alimentarius recommended limit (0.5 µg/kg). Conclusion: The presence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk and processed sample might suggested high occurrence of AFM1 in milk samples which might constituted a possible hazard for human health. Therefore, there is a need to limit exposure to aflatoxins by imposing regulatory limits. Further studies are also needed on large scale basis to investigate the AFM1 and other mycotoxins in milk and dairy products.
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    Aircraft Noise; Case Study of Khartoum International Airport
    (UOFK, 2015-05-14) Obeid, Omer Ali Mahmoud ; Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali ; Environmental Studies
    The location of Khartoum International Airport (KIA) in central city, and the increasing of flight movement in the last years, have raised the attention that aircraft noise pollution exists as a problem, and some of population that is living, working or studying around the airport is suffering from that. In this research, the first one of its kind in Sudan, analysis and evaluation of aircraft noise pollution from Khartoum International Airport (KIA) were done by taking measurements outside and inside the airport. A social questionnaire for the outside community and workers inside (KIA) was done. Measurement locations and population sample were selected randomly. The maximum measurement of noise inside the airport was 119.2 dB, which should not exceed 90 dB, and the maximum measurement outside the airport was 117.1 dB, which should not exceed 75 dB. The average measurement for both inside and outside the airport was 102 dB which is rather high through 42 seconds of the aircraft movement. In the social survey, (88.3%) claimed that noise is a problem, (94.6%) claimed that it has increased, and (87.1%) supported removal of Khartoum Airport outside the city with significance found for both genders. In work environment survey (89.0%) mentioned noise is a problem in their work, and absence of medical examination health care system and use of ear protector by (100%). The research results proved that aircraft noise pollution exists in both outside and inside (KIA) resulting in an uncomfortable environment for community and an unhealthy environment for work staff. The results of research were compared with other airports in Europe and Kampala Airport, Uganda. The lack of legislation exists in the absence of noise pollution environmental law in The Environmental Health Act (1975). A recommendation to evaluate the buildings in relation to the environment under the “Concept of Environmental Engineering Buildings” (EEB) is attached which aims to perform a highly environmental engineering function that buildings can do. When Khartoum International Airport (KIA) is tested by the (EEB) concept, it revealed environmental and engineering problems.
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    Aircraft Noise;Case Study Of Khartoum International Airport
    (uofk, 2015-03-24) Ali Mahmoud, Omer ; Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali
    The location of Khartoum International Airport (KIA) in central city, and the increasing of flight movement in the last years, have raised the attention that aircraft noise pollution exists as a problem, and some of population that is living, working or studying around the airport is suffering from that. In this research, the first one of its kind in Sudan, analysis and evaluation of aircraft noise pollution from Khartoum International Airport (KIA) were done by taking measurements outside and inside the airport. A social questionnaire for the outside community and workers inside (KIA) was done. Measurement locations and population sample were selected randomly. The maximum measurement of noise inside the airport was 119.2 dB, which should not exceed 90 dB, and the maximum measurement outside the airport was 117.1 dB, which should not exceed 75 dB. The average measurement for both inside and outside the airport was 102 dB which is rather high through 42 seconds of the aircraft movement. In the social survey, (88.3%) claimed that noise is a problem, (94.6%) claimed that it has increased, and (87.1%) supported removal of Khartoum Airport outside the city with significance found for both genders. In work environment survey (89.0%) mentioned noise is a problem in their work, and absence of medical examination health care system and use of ear protector by (100%). The research results proved that aircraft noise pollution exists in both outside and inside (KIA) resulting in an uncomfortable environment for community and an unhealthy environment for work staff. The results of research were compared with other airports in Europe and Kampala Airport, Uganda. The lack of legislation exists in the absence of noise pollution environmental law in The Environmental Health Act (1975). A recommendation to evaluate the buildings in relation to the environment under the “Concept of Environmental Engineering Buildings” (EEB) is attached which aims to perform a highly environmental engineering function that buildings can do. When Khartoum International Airport (KIA) is tested by the (EEB) concept, it revealed environmental and engineering problems.
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    Ameliorating House Environment By Efficient Use of Plants in Khartoum (Case study El Riyadh Residential Area)
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-14) Abdel Razig, Mayada Abdel Razig Mohammed ; Osman El Kheir ; Environmental Studies
    In view of the global economic, ecological and social development, the future of healthy environment looks uncertain. The facts are well known about the increasing consumption of energy and other resources. The threat of global climate change is ever present and the consequences regarding the environment and energy situation are obvious. The problem of steadily increasing energy consumption by climatically nonadapted buildings is widely spread. Even though, present trends in construction on hot-arid regions still show little awareness about climatically adapted house designs. To designers and households with the input of sufficient energy almost everything seems possible. A possible alternative is the application of natural means in addition to design, construction and materials, which are adapted to the specific climate. More interest in the utilization of natural means for cooling is evident due to two factors. The increased cost and scarcity of the conventional energy and the desire to reduce pollution. This study, which is carried on El Riyadh residential area, accentuates on the great importance of the use of plants in yards as a primary constituent of any house environment. The study looks at the problem from an architectural, landscape, horticultural, and environmental basis. It assumes that architects, horticulturist and landscape designers play an important role in improving the conditions of the house environment by efficient use of plants. The main objective of this research is availing information about the use of plants not as a natural means for ameliorating the environment only but as a multifunctional system, which may easily be adopted. This is accomplished by discussing the main roles of plants and representing plants as multi-functional system, beside exhibiting the main principles of landscape design; and explaining information about the water efficient landscape. Example of El Riyadh residential area was done, to present the situation of the use of plants in Khartoum. It showed less use and miss use of plants in houses’ yards which resulted in deteriorating houses environment, also showed less use of outdoor spaces (Alhoosh) because of the absence of shade and high degrees of temperature. A final discussion was based on the main findings of the study, general conclusion, some recommendations and points for further research.
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    Antibacterial Activity of Trigonella foenum greacum linn (Fenugreek) Seed
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-29) Eltigani, Nafisa ; Amira Abdel Azeem Behairy ; El Bushra El Sheikh El Nur( ; Food Hygiene and Safety
    Trigonella foenum graecum L. (fenugreek) is considered to have along history in medicine. It was used by Chinese for improvement of metabolic activities and the general heath. It is also used as spice and a cure in many parts of the world. In Sudan, it is used in folkrolic medicine for the ttreatment of boils, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
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    Application of Non-Divergent Barotropic Model And The Single Level Primitive Equation Model To Predict Flow-Patterns In Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-14) Mohamed, Badr Eldin Mamoun ; Eltayeb Musa Mustafa ; Mohsin Mohamed Abd Alla ; Meteorology
    Two simple numerical weather prediction models have been applied to identify and forecast the flow patterns over Sudan region. These are the non-divergent barotropic model and the single level primitive equation model, which use the conservation of absolute and potential vorticity as the guiding principle respectively. Using, the 700-hPa level horizontal objectively analyzed wind component fields, period 12Z 3 August 1988 to7 August 1988,to describe the flows at the level of non-divergence. A regular closed grid point structure (2.5o× 2.5o) was used to define the horizontal domain, which extends from 20oS to 35oN latitude and 10oW to 45oE longitude. Factors, such as analysis of the initial map, domain size, grid size, handling of north-south and eastwest boundaries, and the finite difference techniques, have been examined carefully. MATLAB software program codes have been constructed to prepare the initial and forecast fields for the barotropic forecast model (stream function field) and the single level primitive equation model (geopotential height field). The heavy rainfall, which occurred in Sudan on 4th and 5th August 1988, has been taken as a case study. The main meteorological factors involved in the heavy rainfall are; the presence of a trough aligned northeast to southwest, associated with the deep cyclonic circulations centered nearly over Khartoum. Three experiments have been carried out with different time interval forecast (24,12,and 6 hours) to investigate the predictive capabilities of the models .The 6 hours forecast produced by the two models appeared to be better (in comparison to the actual map).The success increases as the time interval decreases.
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    Appraisal Of Sudan Quality Safety Control System Of Beef And Mutton For Export
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-03-24) Mohamed, Salwa ; Mohamed Sariy Eldin ; Food Hygiene and Safety,
    The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of Sudanese red meat export of beef and mutton from Hygienic and Safety control system according to the international standards of the Codex Alimintarius Commission, and the standards of theArabian imported countries. The findings are needed for the establishments of better quality and safety control system for chilled export meat from Sudan. Questionnaire, observations, official records and laboratory bacteriological investigations were used for the collection of informative data required for evalution. Questionnaire of sixteen export companies shipping meat to different Arabian countries was used.The results revealed that the Sudanese meat export is complying with the international standards of Codex Alimintarius Commission, for weight,age, preservation,Veterinary inspection and freedom from epizootics. The exported meat was characterized by good, special taste and flavour and by its low fat content
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    An Approach Towards Mesquite Management in Kassala State
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-17) Abdel Magid, Talaat Dafalla ; El Nour Abdalla El Siddig ; Mirghani Tag El Seed Ahmed ; Environmental Sciences
    Mesquite has received increased attention at public and social levels. It is perceived as useful in its contribution in forest products and environmental concern. Mesquite is an invader to agricultural and range lands. It spreads erratically in agricultural fields, and on neglected and left over agricultural lands, range land, along river banks and tributaries and in urban sites. The principal aim of the study is to evaluate the perception of local communities towards using mesquite products as compared to indigenous species. The study investigated the main factors affecting mesquite spread and reviews the state of knowledge about the extent of mesquite invasion in forest reserves in Kassala State in eastern Sudan. The aim was also to provide guidelines for management and control of mesquite and to assess the impact of education level on people perception towards trees and tree products. In a cross-sectional survey, a total of 431 farmers were interviewed using several data collection methods including interviews, informal discussions and questionnaires. Previous inventories and surveys were based on ground and aerial techniques. Cross tabulations of selected variables were created as a support to fulfill tests of significant internal differences between different variables among different categories of respondents. Chi-square tests were used to disaffiliate aspects related to local understanding and external influences. In the present study, 24 cross tabulated actions were tested by chi-square to provide in numerical figures the level of similarities or differences between categories of users. A summary of the chi-square tests values were arranged in ascending order ranging from chi-square value of 9.436 to chi-square value of 245.55. An attempt was made to elucidate the socio-economic factors, to evaluate the attitude of local communities towards mesquite eradication and replacement. The results of the study revealed that mesquite provides benefits but also causes v problems. According to the perception of the respondents, mesquite provides a wide range of products and services to local communities that make the species valuable and shows potential for multi purpose uses in many aspects. It provides timber, fuel wood, charcoal, fodder, food, income and many benefits. On the other hand, mesquite has in a number of cases negatively impacted traditional land uses and is becoming a problem on agricultural lands. The study indicated that educated people are more supporting to mesquite eradication than the illiterate. The association of educated people with extension media is higher than the possibility for people having low education level. Consequently educated people may have better understanding about the negative impacts of mesquite on agricultural lands, thus they support mesquite eradication. Low educated people are to some degree reliant on mesquite wood for livelihood support. The study concluded that, mesquite invaded valuable agricultural lands and sometimes grows into impenetrable thickets causing enormous problems to farmers and agricultural managers. For this main reason, mesquite eradication is supported by the major sectors of the public and societies.
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    Architectural Integration of Solar Energy Applications With Buildings Special References to Buildings in Khartoum, Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-13) Hassan, Maha Babiker ; Osman M. Elkheir ; Environmental Studies
    In recent years, there was an improvement in utilizing solar energy and using solar applications in Sudan. This improvement requires awareness of using this technology and collaboration among all people who have been involved in this process. In this study, an attempt is made to architecturally incorporate of solar applications with different buildings in Sudan. Mounting of solar applications within buildings in Sudan is not according to any architectural standards. That, therefore, led to losses of its appearance within buildings. Special emphasis on buildings in Khartoum has been made. Samples from different types of buildings have been chosen as a case study, and have been analyzed to indicate how these buildings accept this technology and to study the architectural value of this integration. In addition to that, conclusions and recommendations for buildings integrated solar applications have been made, together with some guidelines for further studies. The goal is to have the solar building.
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    Assessment and Mapping of Urban Forest cover and Carbon Emission in Khartoum locality Using Remote Sensing and GIS
    (University of Khartuom, 2016-05-01) Abdalla, Rasha Abdalla Fadul ; Badr Eldin Taha Osman ; Environmental Studies
    The objective of this study is to map and assess the relationship between tree/green cover and carbon emission from cars in Khartoum Locality (KL) using remote sensing data and mapping in Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The main data used provided by remote sensing satellites such as Landsat and Quick Bird satellites. Digital geode database was built with many map layers such as vegetation cover and carbon emission required for spatial analysis. Specifically, a 2011 Quick Bird Satellite image of 0.5 m spatial resolution was processed and analyzed to extract the vegetation cover based on visual and digital remote sensing techniques. The study implemented remote sensing and GIS techniques to map tree / vegetation cover and other elements in KL during the period 2001-2011. The resulted maps were further used in GIS to spatially assess vegetation and Co in the area. This was done by linking vegetation density maps to carbon emission maps to detect threats of Co concentration and distribution in the study area. In order to further study, the vegetation change dynamics of KL forest cover, tree cover detection method has been applied to produce maps of tree cover based on the classification of the multi-temporal imagery .Change detection analysis had shown a significant change in tree cover/vegetation ‘’Between’’(2001-2011). However, the produce maps of KL land use / land cover (LULC) showed that decreased in tree cover in Khartoum Center and Alshagra Units, was less than that occurred in Khartoum North, Khartoum East, Khartoum West or Alshuhada and Soba Units. Moreover, the relatively high vegetation/agricultural land area analysis for Khartoum East, Khartoum North, Khartoum West, Alshuhada and Soba Units could be a result of re-habitation of tree cover involving the local orchards. In other sites Co emission was increasing in Khartoum North, Khartoum Center and Khartoum East, while it was decreasing in Khartoum West, Alshuhada, Soba and ALshagara. Furthermore, the study found that the amount of Co and the area of tree cover in KL (which covers about 129749678.5 ha), the total area of the tree cover is about 82621290 ha 63% from the total area of KL, while the plant cover areas about 54 % (71176239 ha) in 2011. Nevertheless, in 2001 the vegetated area was not far off from 40432 ha (5%). The carbon emission in 2011 was about 1225Gt. Remote sensing and related geo-technologies were found to be useful and cost-effective tools in dealing with carbon emission and green cover relationships in urban areas such as KL. This is obvious in urban tree/forest mapping and LULC change assessment. Consequently, the study recommends that these tools, in addition to high resolution satellite data, are to be used in detailed and future study that considers other land cover types such as agriculture, forest and range lands. Finally, remote sensing and related geo-technologies such as were found to be useful and cost-effective tools, particularly in urban forest mapping and land cover change assessment. Hence, the study recommends that these tools should be used in, addition to high resolution satellite data in a detailed future study that considers other land cover types such as agriculture, forests and range lands. Finally further carbon emission analysis can be made with reference to population and health variables in order to improve carbon (and may be all air pollution) management program in the locality.
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    Assessment of Agroforestry Practices In Refugee Settlement in Eastern Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-17) Arabi, Dalia Abdalhafeez Ahmed ; Haider Elsafi Mohamed Ali Shapo ; Environmental Studies
    The study was conducted in the eastern of the Sudan where the refugee camps are located. The environment of the study area is seriously affected by the clearance of forests and pastures due to irrational expansion of mechanized agriculture, refugee settlement and animals overgrazing. The process of data collection used, included a review of the literature, interviews through a questionnaire examining women’s views on the impact of agroforestry practices. While, the primary data were collected at farm level using measurements, of trees, crops and assessing the interaction associations between different components of agroforestry system. The study aim to analyze the scope and potential of agroforestry practices paying particular attention to homegarden and alleycropping agroforestry systems, in terms of biophysical and socio- economic performance. During ARC intervention, many achievements were attained, such as introduction of newly exotic tree species, organization and training of community member on agroforestry techniques. The evidence presented in this study suggests that the agroforestry practices in the study area, is likely to have important socio-economic impacts at the family level, and it has a potential to arrest and reverse the problems of land degradation and erosion, and could maintain or improve the productivity of the crop and the land. The management of agroforestry practices in the study area has fulfilled the subsistence and cash needs of households, and enhanced agricultural long-term sustainability (i.e. control of erosion, improved the microclimate, and water use-efficiency). A.ampliceps is a very high yielding tree and has provided products such as fuel, fodder that fulfill the different needs of the farming community. The most complex and diverse of homegarden in the study area were found to fulfill a range of social, economic and ecological functions.
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    Assessment of Biodiversity Based on the Perception of Local Community in Shergelneel Locality - Khartoum State
    (University of Khartoum, 2020) Noman Abdl Kirrem Kpoore
    ABSTRACT This study was undertaken in the Shergelneel locality (150 20′ and 160 39′ N: longitudes 310 36′ and 340 25′ E). Boundaries are defined by 4 states (River Nile State in the north Gezira in the south, Kassala and Gedaref in the east) and locality of Khartoum Bihary in the west. It covers an area of 8188 km2 which represents 30% of the total area of Khartoum state. The population is about 868147 inhabitant’s equivalent to 16% of Khartoum state population, distributed over 8 administrative units. The overall objective of the study is to assess the flora and fauna biodiversity in the area. The specific objectives of the study were 1) To identify flora, mammals and birds biodiversity in the area of study and 2) To assess community perception towards the biodiversity in their area. The study area was divided into three habitats according to the land topography; Wadis (lowlands), Flat Plain and Hills (about 400 ft high). The study was conducted for two consecutive years, (2017–2018) covering both dry and wet seasons. The area of biodiversity investigation covered 10.000 m2 (6000 m2 in Wadi habitat, 2500 m2 in Flat Plain habitat and 1500 m2 in Hill habitat). Transect/points method was used. Data on flora, mammals and birds biodiversity were collected at each sampling point. Various parameters like density, relative frequency, relative abundance; importance value index IVI and diversity indices (Shannon-Weiner index, Simpson Index and Evenness) have been used. The participants were selected as to represent 30% of villagers in three of each administrative, densely populated and evenly distributed within the study area (Abudelage, Wd-Housona and El-Gaili). A questionnaire and group discussions were conducted to learn about peoples’ perception about biodiversity. The results showed that there were 15 trees/shrubs and, 46 herbaceous, 35 bird's, and, 10 mammal's species in the three habitats. Maximum species richness of flora and birds were recorded from Wadi habitat. Maximum mammal's species richness was recorded from Hill habitat. In the three habitats A. tortilis subsp. radiana showed the highest species density (30.33), relative frequency (66.66%), relative abundance (85.85%) and Balanites aegyptiaca highest species IVI. Highest herbaceous species density (33.31) and IVI (95.39%), was due to Aristida mutabilis. Relative frequency (12.80%) was shown by Dichanthium annulatus, while relative abundance (61.33%) was shown by Schaemum ischaemoid. The effect of habitat throughout the seasons on the flora in the three habitat of the study area was found significant (sig=0.000 – 0.001). Birds and mammals’ species’ relative abundance was extremely low in the three habitats. Cream – colored courser highest birds species relative abundance (96.6%) and Desert jerboa highest mammals species relative abundance (99.68%). The effect of habitat on birds was found to be significant (sig = 003). The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index was used to calculate the overall diversity of the study area. Results obtained revealed that, Wadi habitat had high diversity of trees, shrubs and herbaceous species (H'= 0.14-0.16), while Hill habitat had high diversity of birds and mammals (H'= 0.13 - 0.19). Flat Plain habitat had a higher evenness index of trees/ shrubs and mammals, while Hill habitat had higher herbaceous and birds evenness index. A higher Simpson index of trees/ shrubs and herbaceous was found in Hill habitat (0.48-0.85). Birds and mammals showed higher Simpson index in wadi habitat (0.92 - 0.99). Most (64%) of the community respondents observed that the area was rich in species of birds and mammals. In terms of vegetation cover most (89%), pointed to the types or trees, shrubs and herbaceous species that disappeared and the invasion of alien species. The species observed as common mammals were: African cape hare (27.3%), Fennec fox (21.5%), African wild cat (10.1%), Sand fox (19.5%), Long-eared hedgehog (8.3), Desert jerboa (7.3%) and Zorilla (6%). Common bird’s species observed were: Doves spp (38%), Chestnut billied sand grouse (17.3%), pied crow (13%), Demoiselle crane (9.7%), Black kite (6.3%), African march hairier (3.3%), Namaqua dove (4%), Black wood hoopoe (2.4%) and Cattle egret (6%). Common tress and shrubs species reported in the study area were: A. tortilis subsp. spirocarpa (20.5%), Balanites aegyptiaca (15.8%), A. ehrenbergiana (12.8%), Ziziphus spina-christi (14%), A. tortilis subsp. radiana (12%), A.nubica (8.3%), A. seyal (5.3%), A. mellifera (3.3%), Calotropis procera (6%) and Acacia nilotica (2%). Common herbaceous species observed in the study area included: Tribulus terrestris (22.9%), Ipomoea cordofana (21%), Schaemum ischaemoides (13.7%), Boerhavia coccinea (11.8%), Dichanthium annulatus (12.3), Cassia senna (6.5%), Aristida mutabilis (4.8%), Panicum turgidum (2.3%), Cymbopogon schoenanthus (1.3%), Cenchrus ciliaris (2%), and Cyperus rotundus (1.4%). Mammals and birds species which disappeared as observed by the respondents were: Antelopes (61.5%), followed by Common buzzard (6%), Guinea fowl (11.8%), Hyeans (17.3%) and Ostriches (3.4%). A large proportion of respondents across the study area (75%) reported the presence of illegal hunting of mammals and birds, overcutting of trees was reported by (78.2%) of the respondents. The invasive species in the study area included Calotropis procera as reported by (28.3%) of the respondents, while (62.8%) of the respondents pointed to the presences of the Prosopis glandulosa as invasive species. Most (66%) of the respondents noted that laws and legislations should be enforced, and they showed interest to participate in biodiversity conservation programs. It could be concluded that as compared with research methodology undertaken, changes in biodiversity could be matched with community observations. Some recommendations were proposed for protection of biodiversity. المستخلص اجريت الدراسة بمحلية شرق النيل (تقع بين خطي طول 150 20 و 160 39 شمالا: 310 36′ و 340 25 شرقًا), وحدودها مع 4 ولايات (نهر النيل شمالا و الجزيرة جنوبا ، وكسلا والقضارف شرقا) ومحلية الخرطوم بحري غربا. تغطي مساحة 8188 كيلومترا مربعا (تمثل 30٪ من إجمالي مساحة ولاية الخرطوم) . يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 868147 نسمة أي ما يعادل 16٪ من سكان ولاية الخرطوم موزعين على 8 وحدات إدارية. الهدف العام للدراسة تقييم حالة التنوع الحيوي والاهداف المحددة للدراسة تشمل: 1) تحديد انواع النباتات، الطيور والثديات: 2. تقييم مفهوم المجتمعات للتنوع الحيوي. قسمت منطقة الدراسة بناءا علي طبوغرافية الارض الي ثلاثة مواطن رئيسية وهي: الاودية (الاراضي المنخفضة)، السهول المسطحة والجبال (ارتفاعها أقل من 2000 قدم). أُجريت دراسة تقييم التنوع الحيوي في العام 2017 والعام 2018 لتغطي الموسم الجاف والرطب في مساحة قدرها 10000 متر مربع (الوادي 6000 متر مربع , السهول المسطحة 2500 متر مربع والجبال 1500 متر مربع. استخدم نظام الخطوط والنقاط في الدراسة. لكل نقطة جمعت المعلومات عن الاشجار/الشجيرات, الحشائش , الثديات و الطيور و التي تتضمن الكثافة – التردد – الوفرة- السيادة ومؤشر التنوع (شانون – ونر، سمبسون – افينس) بالإضافة للدراسة الاجتماعية لتقييم مفهوم تلك المجتمعات للتنوع الحيوي. تم اختيار المشاركين لتمثل 30٪ من القرويين في ثلاثة مناطق إدارية (ابودليق – ود حسونة - الجيلي) مكتظة بالسكان وموزعة بالتساوي داخل منطقة الدراسة. تم إجراء الاستبيان ومجموعات النقاش للتعرف على مفهم الناس للتنوع البيولوجي. صنفت وسجلت عدد 15 نوع من الاشجار/ الشجيرات ، 46 نوع من الحشائش، 35 نوع من الطيور و10 أنواع من الثديات على مستوى الثلاثة مواطن. الأودية تميزت بوجود أكبر عدد من أنواع الاشجار/الشجيرات ، الحشائش و الطيور بينما موطن الجبال تميز بوجود اكبر عدد من انواع الثديات . أعلى كثافة (30.33) ، تردد (66.66%) ووفرة (85.85%) وجد في شجرة السيال والسيادة لشجرة الهجليج ، أما في الحشائش, القو أعلى كثافة (33.31) وسيادة (95.39%) ، الحمراية أعلى تردد (12.80%) والدمبلاب أعلى وفرة (61.33%). طير التري ترة أعلى وفرة (96.6%) في الطيور والجربوع أعلى وفرة (99.96%) في الثديات. تبين تأثير كبير للموطن على الاشجار/ الشجيرات والحشائش والطيور. مؤشر التنوع (شانون- ونر) أعلى للأشجار/ الشجيرات والطيور في موطن الاودية (ح = 0.14 – 0.16) وللثديات (ح = 0.13 – 0.19) أعلى في موطن الجبال. مؤشر سمبسون للسيادة في موطن الجبال أعلى للأشجار والشجيرات (0.48 – 0.85) ، وفي الطيور والثديات أعلى في موطن الأودية (0.92 – 0.99). ذكر معظم من شملهم الاستبيان من المجتمع (64٪) أن المنطقة كانت غنية بأنواع الطيور والثديات. أما من حيث الغطاء النباتي فقد أشار (89٪) إلى إختفاء أنواع من الأشجار والشجيرات والحشائش وتوجد أنواع غريبة غازية . أنواع الثديات التي كانت شائعة هي: الارنب (27.3٪) ، ثعلب الفنك (21.5٪) ، القط الافريقي البري (10.1٪) ، ثعلب الرمال (19.5٪) ، القنفذ طويل الأذن (8.3) ، الجربوع الصحراوي (7.3٪) وزوريلا (6%). اما الطيور التي كانت شائعة هي : القطا (17.3%) ، الحمام (38%), الغراب (13%) , الحداة (6.3%) ، الرهو (9.7%) ، الصقر الرمادي (3.3) ، البلوم (4%) ، هداهد الغابات (2.4%) وطير البقر (6%). أنواع الأشجار والشجيرات هي الموجودة هي: السمر (20.5%) ، الهجليج (15.8%) ، سلم (12.8%) ، النبق (14%), السيال (12%) ، اللعوت (8.3%) ، الطلح (5.3%), الكتر (3.3%) ، العشر(6%) والسنط (2%). وآنواع الحشائش الموجودة هي: الضريسة (22.9%)، التبر (19%) ، الدمبلاب (13.7%)، التربة (11.8%)، الحمراية (12.3%) ، سنمكة (6.5%) ، قو (4.8%) ، تمام (2.3%) ، المحريب (1.3%), حسكنيت (2%) والسعده (1.4%). الثديات والطيور التي إختفت هي الغزلان (61.5%) ـ الضباع (17.3%) , الصقر الحوام (6%) ، دجاج الوادي (11.8%) والنعام (3.4%). معظم من شملهم الاستبيان (75%) اشارو إلى وجود الصيد غير المشروع ، كما اشارو (78.2%) إلى وجود القطع الجائر للاشجار. الانواع الغريبة الغازية تضم العشر كما ذكر (28.3%) والمسكيت (62.8%). معظم من شملهم الاستبيان (66%) اكدو على أهمية تفعيل القوانين والتشريعات واستعدادهم للمشاركة في برامج حماية التنوع الحيوي. بالمقارنة مع منهجية البحث المتبعة ، يمكن مطابقة التغييرات في التنوع الحيوي مع ما ذكره من شملهم الاستبيان من المجتمع. وضعت توصيات ومقترحات لتعزيز إدارة التنوع الحيوي.
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    Assessment of Exposure to Occupational and Nonoccupational Pollution with Some Heavy Metals In Iron Foundries and Automobile Workshops at Khartoum City-Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-21) Riyadh Abd Alsalam, Ali Ameer ; Muna Mahjoub Mohamed ; Environmental Sciences
    Iron foundries and automobile workshops can expose workers to moderate or low concentrations of heavy metals (as Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, and Fe). These metals can also be released into the environment surrounding the industrial plants and affect the general population living near them. The study mainly aimed to determine whether exposure to heavy metals studied were higher in the occupationally exposed workers at the Khartoum central foundry and the auto-workshops (located at the old industrial area, south of Khartoum centre, W76;3 Km) than in subjects not exposed to occupational working environment and living near industrial area (Alremila district) A total of 30 workers at the Khartoum central foundry (workers group A) and 34 workers at the auto-workshops (workers group B) with possible exposure to heavy metals ; and two subject groups (general population) consisting of 14 subjects living near the industrial area (subjects group C), and 20 subjects living at about 3 Km away (subjects group D), were examined. A questionnaire was administered to obtain information on personal, life habits (smoking, tobacco chewing, alcohol), and work characteristics; types of risks exposed to; use of safety precautions; and health complaints. The four groups were matched for age and socioeconomic status. The metals concentrations were studied in air and fingernail. Lung function was also examined. The results showed that metals Pb, Cr, Mn contents in nails was significantly higher (p<0.05) in occupationally exposed workers (W.G) than the non-occupationally exposed subjects (S.G). Similar FN-Cd levels were observed in both of W.G and S.G. However, FN-Cd of S.G-C was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared with S.G-D or even W.G-B. Conversely, concentrations of FN-Cu and FN-Fe were lower in the workers than in the subjects (p<0.05, p>0.05 respectively). Mean nail Pb and Cd levels in the worker and subject groups were higher than the normal range. Whereas the mean nail level of the remaining metals (Mn, Cr, Cu and Fe) were within the normal range in all studied groups except Cu level which was lower from the normal range in the workers. There was high prevalence of ill health complaints or symptoms among the workers especially in W.G-A. The complaints included pain muscles and joints chronic headache, dizziness, cough, chest pain, poor co-ordination, depression, insomnia, and skin irritation. Air samples obtained from the workplace environment were high for some Pb, Cd and sometimes exceeded the environmental threshold limits. Lung symptoms showed moderate and severe restrictive/or obstructive abnormality which was highest in W.G-A (20%), followed by W.G-B (10%), without similar cases detected in subject groups. However, the latter groups had more cases of mild restrictive abnormalities while about 9% of S.G-D showed mild obstructive abnormalities. It was revealed that the recommended precautionary procedures concerning working in metal-polluted environment were not applied or made available. It is concluded that workers were exposed to high level of heavy metals especially the toxic metals Pb and Cd and lack the recommended precautionary procedures which made their health and safety at high risk as reflected by metal toxicity or other occupational illnesses
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    Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water in Gedaref Town and its Uptake by Some Vegetable Plants
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-13) Hadia Ahmed Elhadi Elhessin ; Osman Mirghani Mohamed Ali ; Environmental Studies
    This study was carried out on fifteen wells in Gedaref Town to determine their concentration of fluoride. These wells are a source of drinking water for two stations in Abu Naga and Alazaza. Fluoride concentration in water was determined using spectrophotometric methods. Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium concentration were determined using Titrimetric methods. Four vegetable plant species, irrigated with water containing 2.67 mg F/l, were analyzed for fluoride contents in leaves, roots and fruits of Hibiscus esculentus (Okra) and leaves and roots of Corchorus olitorius (Molokhaya), Cajanus cajan (Lobya) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato) utilizing the Ion Selective Electrode Potentiometric method. All water samples showed higher fluoride concentration than the standard level (1.5-mg F/l) permitted by Sudanese and WHO standards. The results showed that there are no significant differences in calcium in the two areas but Alazaza showed higher concentration of magnesium than area A. These waters are described as hard water. Significant differences (P<0.05) in fluoride levels in roots, leaves and fruits of Hibiscus esculentus were encountered. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were found in roots and leaves of Corchorus olitorius and Cajanus cajan. No significant differences (P >0.05) were encountered in fluoride levels in leaves and roots of Lycopersicon esculentum. No toxic symptoms were observed on either of the four species.
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    Assessment of Impacts of and Adaptation to Climate Changes: Case Study "Sand Dunes Fixation Project in Ed Dowiem Area"
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-17) Saeed, Ammar Kamil Mohd. ; Sumaya Zaki-Eldeen ; Environmental Studies
    This study aim to clarify the impacts of climate changes in different rural community levels, effects of development projects in reducing community's vulnerability to climate changes, and also the changes in conditions of human, natural, social, financial and physical capitals before and after the interference of these projects. The positive and negative effects of these changes were tested according to local community's perspective and assessed to examine its sustainability. The selected project was implemented by Plan Sudan Organization in northern part of White Nile state; (in Elshigeig village) in central part of Sudan. This area was badly affected by severe drought intervals in the last three decades, rural communities there lost all their means of living due to drought as they were depend on rainfall in most of their economical activities, The case study results proved that the rural communities in the area were became stable and less distress of rainfall fluctuations, also it confirmed that local communities became aware about the natural resources management in the area. The productivity of natural range lands was improved from (29%) before the project intervention to (72%) after its implementation, this improvement was due to the pastures rehabilitation programmes applied through the project. The results approved that the percent of students joined schools in the project area was increased to (96%) compared to (53%) in other areas due to general education programme which was part of Plan Sudan project. Rehabilitation of health facilities in the area increased the public satisfaction up to (69%) after the project intervention compared to (28%) before the project intervention. Also the results proved that the communities became well adapted to changes caused by drought and become more resilient to any climatic shocks; this new adaptation capability was found to be a direct result of the development project implemented in the area. Conclusions and recommendations emerging from this study explain the importance of bottom-up approach for decision makers to know the real communities` requirements. Provision of these requirements will make the communities more resilient to adverse conditions that caused by climate changes.
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    Assessment of Industrial Liquid Waste Management in Omdurman Industrial Area
    (University of Khartoum, 2015-05-11) ELNASRI, ROGHAIA AHMED ALI ; Bashir Mohamed ElHassan ; Environmental Studies
    This study was conducted mainly to investigate the effects of industrial pollution on the environment in the Omdurman area. Various types of industries are found around Omdurman. The major industries are divided into eight major sectors, each sector is divided into subsectors, special consideration was given to the liquid waste because of its effects. In addition to the available data, personal observation supported by photographs, laboratory analysis were carried on the industrial effluents. The investigated parameters in the analysis were; BOD, COD, O & G, Cr, TDS, TSS, pH, temp & conductivity. Interviews were conducted with handling worker in the industries, in order to assess the effects of industrial pollution. The results obtained showed that all the factories were found to exceed the accepted levels of the industrial pollution control. The effluents disposed of on the site allotted by municipal authorities has an adverse effects on the surrounding environment and public health and amenities. Accordingly the study recommends that the wastewater must be pretreated before disposed of on site allotted by municipal authorities. Produce an appropriate system for industrial waste for proper management. The study established the need to construct a sewage system in the area in order to minimize the pollutants from effluents.