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    1971 People Local Government Act in the Sudan an Examination Efficacy
    (University of Khartoum, 1976) Mohammed, Adam A.
    1971 People Local Government Act in the Sudan an Examination Efficacy
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    2-Butyl-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol
    (University of Khartoum, 2009-05) Muna Ali
    In the title compound, C15H24O2, a natural dialkylresorcinol commonly named stemphol, the molecules are linked into C(6) and C2 2(4) chains and R4 4(16) rings by intermolecular O— H...O hydrogen bonds, creating molecular sheets parallel to the (010) plane. The alkyl chains are directed orthogonally away from these planes in almost complete extension
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    200BP1 Prototype Hanford Barrier Annual Monitoring Report for Fiscal Year 2004
    (University of Khartuom, 2016-04-17) Seedahmed, Gamal H. ; J. K. Linville ; J. M. Keller ; Andy Ward ; Civil and Environmental Engineering
    In FY 2004, monitoring of the prototype Hanford barrier focused on barrier stability, vegetative cover, evidence of plant and animal intrusion, and the main components of the water balance. Monitored water-balance components included precipitation, runoff, storage, drainage, and deep percolation. Precipitation in FY 2004 was 26 percent less than in FY 2003 but was still higher than normal. The seasonal distribution in precipitation was also different from the previous year with a 43-percent reduction in spring precipitation and a 46-percent increase in summer precipitation. The cumulative amount of water received from October 1994, through September 2004, was 2,559.58 mm on the northern half of the barrier, which is the formerly irrigated treatment, and 1,886.71 mm on the southern non-irrigated treatments. Water storage continued to show a cyclic pattern, increasing in the winter and declining in the spring and summer to a lower limit of about 100 mm in response to evapotranspiration. The 600-mm design storage has never been exceeded. Total drainage from the soil-covered plots range from 2.9E-4 mm to 0.22 mm or 0.003 6 0.004 percent of precipitation. Side-slope drainage was much higher at 20.9 6 2.3 percent of precipitation from the gravel and 18.6 6 5.1 percent from the riprap. There was no runoff from the barrier, but runoff from the BY tank farm following a thunderstorm in May eroded a 45-inchdeep channel into the structural fill at the toe of the riprap slope. Above-asphalt and below-asphalt moisture measurements show no evidence of deep percolation of water. Topographic surveys were conducted on the barrier surface, including the two settlement gauges and 12 creep gauges on the riprap slope using aerial photogrammetry (AP) and a global positioning system (GPS). Comparing the aerial photogrammetry (AP) and global positioning system (GPS) surveys with the traditional survey shows the barrier and side slopes to be stable. Both AP and GPS show potential for considerable cost savings without any loss in accuracy. A relatively high coverage of native plants still persists after the initial revegetation in 1994. The formerly irrigated treatments continue to show greater cover of grasses and litter than the non-irrigated treatments. On the formerly irrigated treatments, the mean cover class was 25 to 50 percent for both grasses and shrubs. On the non-irrigated treatments, the mean cover class was 5 to 25 percent from grasses and 25 to 50 percent for shrubs. Species diversity of the vegetative community appears to have stabilized over the past several years. In addition to 12 of 17 species present in 2003 being present in 2004, two additional species were encountered. Sagebrush continues to flourish with shrubs along the perimeter showing higher biomass yield than the interior shrubs. There is evidence of sagebrush seedlings recruitment but not of rabbitbrush; the presence of gray rabbitbrush appears is declining as the barrier surface continues to stabilize. Use of the barrier surface by insects and small mammals is also evident. Small mammal burrowing on the barrier surface has become more prevalent in recent years, suggesting that the restored barrier surface is beginning to function as a recovering ecosystem. Small-mammal burrowing on the top and sides of the barrier is most prevalent on the finergrained and disturbed soils while active ant mounds were observed on the northern and western slopes.
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    2016 Young Saudi Females and Social Media advertising an Empirical Study
    (University of Khartoum, 2016) Mansour, Ilham Hassan F.
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    27th World Veterinary Congress
    (University of Khartoum, 2002) Karar, Abdelrahim
    27th World Veterinary Congress
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    3-D GIS an Urban Planning for University of Khartoum Master plan
    (UOFK, 2014-05) Ibra, Sami ; Rabih,Abdalrahman ; Osman,Badreldin Taha ; Geographical and Environmental Sciences
    In city planning managing the third dimension is becoming a necessity. Using 3D GIS modeling within a GIS environment offers a flexible interactive system for providing the best visual interpretation because it aids the planning and decision-process. Previous 3D virtual models did not have to be completely accurate. It did need to be a relatively accurate representation of the true simulation of reality. The main objective of this research and by using ArcGIS Desktop and ArcGIS 3D Analyst is to build a master plan for the University of Khartoum campus to better understand and organize its utilities infrastructure to find a suitable procedure for acquiring geospatial information and makes it, accessible to administration, visitors, and students. Another objective in this study is to explore the capabilities of current technology software such as ArcGIS to link the spatial information about the building features and utilities within the map. In addition, this paper discurses the methodology and implementation steps which build a unified geospatial information system that can be used as an interactive system that supports planning decisions. The results the importance of campus planning as a focus in this work in order to demonstrate the effective use of 3D GIS modeling in the decision making process, a way to very quickly communicate ideas that help to make better decisions. The conclusion showed that the 3DGIS enable users to visualize complicated urban planning information in the 3D way, to evaluate the allowable capacity of the block and to simulate building plans. With visualization and analysis capability, 3D-GIS are considered a powerful tool to solve various issues which modern cities confront.
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    34 Environmental Acquisition of inductive Bi-conditional Reasoning Skills : Training of simultaneous &Sequential processing.
    (university of khartoum, 2006) ElZubeir, Zeinab
    One hundred forty-four second-university students( Bio-medical engineering &Electronic engineering, University of Medical science and Technology(UMST) ) received training on one of three processing methods : coding-mapping (simultaneous), coding only, or decision tree(sequential) .Then they learned a bi-conditional rule under one of eight transfer test conditions based on a 2 ( paradigm: rule Vs complete learning) x (memory aids: 0 Vs 4)x2 ( focus instance: presence Vs absence ) design. Although the coding-mapping students processed concept instances in much the same way as the coding only students ,they acquired the target rule more frequently & they processed instances more quickly &more consistence than the decision –tree students . The observed ordinal of the responses of four truth-table classes was found to be more consistent with the simultaneity than with the sequential hypothesis .As expected training interacted with paradigm & also with memory aids & focus instance . The induced simultaneous processing strategy apparently works optimally under rule learning ,while the sequential strategy is difficult to induce &-or not optimal for rule- environmental learning operations
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    5D3→7FJ emission of Tb doped sol–gel silica
    (University of Khartoum, ) Seed Ahmed, Hassan Abdelhalim Abdellhah ; Odireleng Martin Ntwaeaborwa ; M.A. Gusowski ; J.R. Botha ; R.E. Kroon
    Amorphous silica samples doped with 0.1 and 1 mol% of terbium (Tb) were synthesized by the sol–gel method. In addition to the green light associated with 5D4-7FJ transitions of Tb3þ, the sample containing 0.1 mol% also emitted blue light as a result of 5D3-7FJ transitions during photoluminescence (PL) measurements. As a result of concentration quenching this blue emission was not observed for the samples doped with the higher concentration (1 mol%). However the blue 5D3 -7FJ emission was observed in the 1 mol% doped samples during cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements. Since a rough calculation indicated that the excitation rate in the CL system where the blue emission is observed may be similar to a laser PL system under conditions where the blue emission is not observed, the difference is attributed to the nature of the excitation sources. It is suggested that during the CL excitation incident electrons can reduce non-luminescent Tb4þ ions in the silica, substituting for Si4þ ions, to the excited (Tb3þ)* state and that these are responsible for the blue emission, which does not occur during PL excitation
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    The 5q31 Region in two African populations as a Facet of Natural Selection by Infectious Diseases
    (UOFK, 2015-11-15) Ibrahim, Muntaser E. ; Mohamed, Hiba S. ; ; Molecular Biology
    Cases of extreme natural selection could lead either to rapid fixation or extinction of alleles depending on the population structure and size. It may also manifest in excess of heterozygosity and the locus concerned will be displaying such drastic features of allele change. We suspect the 5q31 in chromosome 5 to mirror situation of such extreme natural selection particularly that the region encompasses genes of type 2 cytokine known to associate with a number of infectious and non infectious diseases. We typed two sets of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) in two populations: an initial limited set of only 4 SNPS within the genes of IL 4, IL 13, IL 5 and IL 9 in 108 unrelated individuals and a replicating set of 14 SNP in 924 individuals from the same populations with disregard to relatedness. The results suggest the 5q31 area to be under intense selective pressure as indicated by marked heterozygosity independent of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD); difference in heterozygosity, allele, and haplotype frequencies between gener ations and departure from Hardy–Weinberg expectations (DHWE). The study area is endemic for several in fectious diseases including malaria and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Malaria caused by Plasmodium falci parum, however, occurs mostly with mild clinical symptoms in all ages, which makes it unlikely to account for these indices. The strong selection signals seems to emanate from recent outbreaks of VL which affected both populations to varying extent.
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    A CASE REPORT OF SYPHILIS WITH TONGUE ULCER
    (University of Khartoum, 2021) Omer Abdoun ; Shahd Karamalla
    Syphilis is a rare disease with a wide range of different manifestation, due to the many stages which are primary, secondary, latent, tertiary and congenital diseases with varying periods of latency in between the stages, also because it’s a sexually transmitted disease with systemic manifestations and a series of serious and fatal complications knowing that it is responsive to benzathine benzylpenicillin and doxycycline in case of penicillin allergy. Syphilis infections can be misdiagnosed be cause of their atypical presentations. Here, we present a case of syphilis with unusual symptoms highlighting the necessity of consultation with the venereal diseases medical specialists.
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    A holistic approach to the mycetoma management
    (University of Khartoum, 2018) Sahar Mubarak Bakhiet ; Ahmed Hassan Fahal ; Ahmed Mudawi Musa ; El Samani Wadaa Mohamed ; Rowa Fathelrahman Omer1 ; Eiman Siddig Ahmed ; Mustafa El Nour ; El Rayah Mohamed Mustafa ; Manar El Sheikh A. Rahman ; Suliman Hussein Suliman ; Mohamed A. Gadir El Mamoun ; Hajo Mohamed El Amin
    ycetoma, one of the badly neglected tropical diseases, it is a localised chronic granuloma tous inflammatory disease characterised by painless subcutaneous mass and formation of multiple sinuses that produce purulent discharge and grains. If untreated early and appropri ately, it usually spread to affect the deep structures and bone resulting in massive damage, deformities and disabilities. It can also spread via the lymphatics and blood leading to distant secondary satellites associated with high morbidity and mortality. To date and despite prog ress in mycetoma research, a huge knowledge gap remains in mycetoma pathogenesis and epidemiology resulting in the lack of objective and effective control programmes. Currently, the available disease control method is early case detection and proper management. How ever, the majority of patients present late with immense disease and for many of them, heroic substantial deforming surgical excisions or amputation are the only prevailing treat ment options. In this communication, the Mycetoma Research Center (MRC), Sudan shares its experience in implementing a new holistic approach to manage mycetoma patients locally at the village level. The MRC in collaboration with Sennar State Ministry of Health, Sudan had established a region mycetoma centre in one of the endemic mycetoma villages in the state. The patients were treated locally in that centre, the local medical and health per sonals were trained on early case detection and management, the local community was trained on mycetoma advocacy, and environmental conditions improvement. This compre hensive approach had also addressed the patients’ socioeconomic constraints that hinder early presentation and treatment. This approach has also included the active local health authorities, community and civil society participation and contributions to deliver the best management. This holistic approach for mycetoma patients’ management proved to be effective for early case detection and management, optimal treatment and treatment out come and favourable disease prognosis. During the study period, the number of patients
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    A Note on In Vitro Regeneration of Balfour aralia (Polyscias balfouriana marginata L.) Shoots Using Shoot Tip Explants
    (University of Khartoum, 2019) Seifeldin Ali Mohamed ; Nasma Saif Aldeen Merghani Abdalla ; Tagelsir Ibrahim Mohamed Idris
    The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the cytokinins benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin on in vitro shoot regeneration on shoot tips of Polyscias balfouriana marginata. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashige and Skooge (1962) medium (MS) supplemented with various concentrations of BAP and Kinetin at 0.0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6 mg/L for both. Results showed that Polyscias balfouriana marginata responded positively to growth regulators application and there was significant difference among concentration treatments. The highest percentage of responded explants was given by BAP and Kinetin - free medium and the one containing the lowest concentration of both (0.75 mg/L). The concentration 3 mg/L BAP showed significantly the highest number of shoots/explant. There was no significant difference between kinetin concentratios 0.75 and 1.5 mg/L, yet they resulted in significantlys higher number of shoots/explant compared to the control.The concentration 0.75 mg/L of both BAP and kinetin recorded the highest shoot length while the shortest shoot resulted from 6 mg/L of both cytokinins and the control of kinetin.
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    A Note on the Effect of Some Biofertilizers and Compost on Growth and Flowering of Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)
    (University of Khartoum, 2020) Seifeldin Ali Mohamed ; Sara Kamal Aldin Ahmed Osman
    The objective of the research was to study the effect of some biofertilizers and compost on growth and flowering of Gerbera. The fertilizers applied were nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium sp.) (Bio.1), phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus megatherium var. phosphaticum) (Bio.2), potassium solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus circulans) ( Bio.3), combination between Bio.1 , Bio.2 and Bio.3 (Bio.4) and compost at the rate of rate of 8.1g of fertilizer/9kg of soil. Results showed that gerbera responded positively to biofertilizer and compost application. All treatments, except Bio2, gave significantly higher values of plant height compared to the control. Compost gave significantly (P ≤ 0.05) the highest number of leaves/plant compared to the control. With regard to leaf length, all treatments except Bio3 were significantly superior to the control. Although the differences between the treatments were not significant, the control showed the earliest flowering while compost and Bio2 resulted in the latest flowering. Bio.4 gave significantly the highest number of inflorescences/plant and inflorescence diameter compared to the control.
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    A Note: Influence of Soil and Foliar Aplication of Two Iron Sources on Iron Chlorosis in Ixora (Ixora coccinea L.) Plant
    (University of Khartoum, 2020) Seifeldin Ali Mohamed ; Alobaid Daffalla Alobaid Hamad
    The objective of this research was to study the effect of two iron sources and their application methods in correcting iron chlorosis in Ixora (Ixora coccinea L.) plants . The plants were treated with five treatments, namely, soil application of Fe EDDHA, phenolic acid chelated iron separately at 0.15g Fe per pot , foliar application of Fe EDDHA, phenolic acid chelated iron separately at 0.4g Fe / L and the control. Results indicated that there were significant differences between the treatments as indicated in the percentage of green leaves per plant, leaf Fe content and leaf chlorophyll content. Soil application of Fe EDDHA gave the highest percentage of green leaves per plant and the highest leaf Fe content. The highest value of leaf chlorophyll content was obtained by foliar application of Fe EDDHA. In conclusion, treatment with the two iron sources had a positive effect in correcting Fe chlorosis in ixora plants and soil application of Fe EDDHA was the best treatment.
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    A possible role for ticks in the transmission of Madurella mycetomatis in a mycetoma-endemic village in Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2021) Rasha S. Azraga ; Sahar M. Bakhiet ; Najwa A. Mhmoud ; A. M. Almalik ; A. H. Mohamed ; Ahmed H. Fahal
    ackground: Currently there is a wide knowledge gap in our understanding of mycetoma epidemiological char acteristics, including the infection route. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological study was carried out to determine the role of exposure to animals and insects such as ticks in the transmission of eumycetoma in two adjacent villages at eastern Sudan. Results: Significant differences were found between the two villages in the level of contact and exposure to ani mals and ticks, the percentages of people bitten by ticks, participation in cleaning animal pens and knowledge of the medical importance of ticks. In the village with a high mycetoma prevalence rate, there were high infes tation rates of ticks in domestic animals. Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species were the most prevalent species in houses with mycetoma patients and together they constituted 83% of the total collection. Pool screening of vectors for the detection of Madurella mycetomatis recombinant RNA genes showed one positive pool from Rhipi cephalus evertsi following amplification of the universal fungal primer and one positive sample from Hyalomma rufipes following the use of a specific primer. Conclusion: The findings indicate a possible role of ticks in the transmission of eumycetoma causative agents. However, further in-depth studies are needed to verify this.
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    A randomized, double blind phase II proof-of-concept superiority trial of fosravuconazole 200 mg or 300 mg weekly dose versus itraconazole 400 mg daily, all three arms in combination with surgery, in patients with eumycetoma in Sudan—top line results
    (University of Khartoum, 2022) Ahmed Hassan Faha ; Sahar Mubarak Bakhiet ; El Samani Wadaa Mohamed ; Eiman Siddig Ahmed ; Osama El Hadi Bakhiet ; Abu Bakar Ahmed Yousif ; Lamis Ahmed Faha ; Hadel Yassir Atta Alla ; A Razig Osman A Razig ; Emmanuel Edwar Siddig ; Omnia Babekir Hassan ; Sahar A Rahman Abdulla ; Amir Faroug Mohaemd ; Nagwa Adam Jodda ; Mustafa El Nour Bahar ; A. Nyaoke,Borna ; Egondi ,Thaddaeus ; Oyieko,Peelen ; E. Zijlstra,Eduard ; Strub-Wourgaft ,Nathalie
    . mycetomatis. During the first months of azole treatment, the beta-glucan concentrations remained relatively stable. After surgery, a sharp decrease in beta-glucan concentration in serum was noted. At the end of the observation period, only 13 patients had a beta-glucan concentration above 7 pg/ml and 14 above 5.5 pg/ml. Of these patients, for only 3, there was clinical evidence of a recurrence. For the remaining 4 patients with clinical evidence of a recurrence, the beta-glucan concentration was below the cut-off value for positivity. Conclusion: In conclusion, so far there was no link established with the initial in vitro susceptibility and failure or success of the treatment therapy. Beta-glucan levels, in general, remained high during azole treatment, and a sharp drop in beta-glucan concentration in serum was only noted after surgery. A positive beta-glucan concentration at the end of the treatment was not indicative of a recurrence.
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    A single-tube RT-PCR for rapid detection and differentiation of some African isolates of palyam serogroup orbiviruses
    (UOFK, 2009) Imadeldin E. Aradaib ; Mohamed E.H. Mohamed ; Mohamed A. Abdalla
    A single-tube nested reverse transcriptase (nRT) polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) was developed and evaluated for detection of palyam serogroup orbiviruses ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cell cultures and clinical samples. A pair of outer primers (pal1 and pal2), designed from genome segment three of Chuzan virus of the palyam viruses serogroup, resulted in amplification of a primary 660-base pair (bp) PCR product. Using a pair of internal (nested) primers (pal3 and pal4), the nRT-PCR produced a 350-bp PCR product. The primary and the nested PCR products were amplified from RNA extracted from Sudanese and South African isolates of palyam viruses, propagated in cell cultures. Application of this nRT-PCR to clinical samples resulted in direct detection of palyam virus RNA in blood and serum samples from infected cattle and goats. The nested amplification increased the sensitivity of the assay by 1000-fold, and specific PCR products were detected from as little as 0.1 fg of viral RNA. Amplification products were not detected when the nRT-PCR was applied to RNA from closely related orbiviruses including, bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6; epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus prototype serotype 1 (EHDV-1); Sudanese isolates of EHDV-318; total nucleic acid extracts from non-infected Vero cells; and blood and sera from goats and calves from which virus was not isolated. This nRT-PCR provides a reliable, sensitive and specific assay for rapid detection and differentiation of palyam viruses from other related orbiviruses. In addition, the assay is recommended for inclusion in epidemi ological surveys and during investigation of an epizootic of the disease among susceptible rumina
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    A survey of rift valley fever and associated risk factors among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Sudan
    (UOFK, 2016) Imadeldin E. Aradaib ; Maiy M. M. Abdallah ; Ibrahim A. Adam ; Tamadur M. Abdalla ; Sanaa A. Abdelaziz ; Mohamed E. Ahmed
    Background: Rift valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease of domestic livestock and wild ruminants. In camels RVF may cause abortion among pregnant camels, but is most often asymptomatic among other camels. In this study, a seroepidemiological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of RVFV antibodies and to identify the potential risk factors associated with RVFV seropositivity among the Sudanese one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Khartoum State, Sudan. A cross sectional study was conducted in Khartoum State, Sudan, in a total of 240 camels selected randomly from four localities. Sera sampled were tested for the presence of RVFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Results: RVFV seropositivity was recorded in 23 out of 240 animals, prevalence rate of 9.6 % among camels in Khartoum State. Age (OR = 8.29, p-value = 0.04) and heavy rainfall (OR = 5.36, p value = 0.01) were recorded as potential risk factors for contracting RVF. Conclusions: Older age and heavy rainfall were considered as potential risk factors for seropositivity to RVF. Surveillance for RVF among camels and distribution of mosquito vectors should continue to better understand the clinical signs associated with RVFV infection in camels and provide public health authorities an opportunity to anticipate and prepare for a possible RVF outbreak in Khartoum State, Sudan.
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    AAAID Adopting Precision Farming Technology to Improve Farm Management at the Rain-fed Sector in Sudan
    (University of Khartoum, 2003) Malik, Nasr Malik
    Precision farming (PF) is a product of a variety of technical and economical aspects of agriculture. It is an approach that allows more efficient use of inputs and outputs. It improves management system, diagnoses crop problems, and increases equipment efficiency, optimizes profit, and minimizes environmental impact. Application of PF is becoming of increasing importance and its availability increased by recent technological development in positioning, sensing and control systems such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development (AAAID) has a growing reputation as a leader in adopting and promoting modern agricultural technologies into the Arab countries. AAAID has introduced a full package of zero-tillage system as a substitute for the traditional farming system at Agadi (one of AAAID’s activities in the rainfed sector in Sudan). The system was implemented in 2000 at a large experimental trial followed by a pilot farm in year 2001 and 2002. A considerable improvement in yield of cotton, sunflower and sorghum was achieved. Along with such system, AAAID is intending to adopt PF in 2003 at Agadi. This is based on a demonstration trial where a yield base map was generated with the Global Positioning Systems at harvesting time for a sorghum field at Agadi. This article addresses a brief background about the PF, its rational at Agadi and the AAAID’s master plan of its adoption
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    Abdella, Gamma, the Tribal System and its Role in the Maintenance of Security, Administration, Reconciliation and the Judiciary,
    (u, 1995-01) Abdelslam, Mohamed
    • This conference paper highlights that many legislations were issued entrusted tribal leaders with some judicial powers such as the 1922 Chiefs Powers Act (enacted on 12/06/1022) and 1927 Local Government Act. The main reason behind enactment of these laws is that the 1924 National Revolution in Sudan has caused the British colonial administration to create, as a matter of urgency, an alliance and support native administration so as to pre-empt any alliance between native administration with the growing nationalist movement in Sudan against the colonial rule. The 1951 Local Government Council Act was also issued to realize the aforementioned purpose. • The author has argued that one of the main advantages of native administration is that it is regarded as a cheap policing entity with deep knowledge of the society’s customs and traditions in a vast country such as Sudan. The author, however, has argued that the tribal system is waning gradually and tribal 'elites' have only maintained public relations and their legitimacy confined to consultative roles rather than having an effective power. As a result, the author argues that the tribal system shall be revisited and reviewed. A special focus was also given to judicial role of native courts which perform judicial duties under the supervision of the formal judiciary. The author also questioned the dual role played by native administration which combines both administrative and judicial roles.