The Impact of Change Agents on Southern Sudan History,

Abstract

This study examines the impact of change Agents on southern Sudanese history. The Southern Region lies South of latitude ١٠° ٤٥' North and extends as far as Kajo-kaji and Nimule on Uganda border latitude ٤° south. The case study covers the period of ١٨٩٨- ١٩٧٣. The agents of change are those governing and administering bodies or governments that had assumed power and used their impact (influence) and tried to impose their own systems of governance on the indigenous inhabitants of the Southern Sudan, such as Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic tribes. The agents of change include also the explorers who gave information on the south and aroused the interests of their respective governments to acquire territories. The term also alludes to the slave traders, the Turco-Egyptian, the Mahdist, the Condominium and the National Governments. Indisputably, the agents of change within the condominium and the Sudanese governments thereafter have affected the history of the Southern Sudan because they have imposed themselves on the local population without the latter being asked to accept or reject such rule. The main objectives of the Research Plan are:- ♦ To gather and collect all relevant data or information related to research project or thesis. ♦ To examine all the literature related to the development of the hypothesis (i.e. the impact of change ) ♦ To discuss positive and negative impacts of change agents on southern Sudan. ♦ To evaluate the impact of agents of change on the southern tribes. ♦ To study on a few tribes in the southern Sudan because of their significance in relation to their contacts with the outside world. Would they have been chosen all, writing on them needs an independent record. Those who are indicated were selected as a model of change because of their roles they have played in opposition to the colonial rulers. The research plan is divided into two parts. Part “One” deals with the condominium impact on southern Sudan, ١٨٩٨ – ١٩٥٦. While part “Two” examines the impact of National Governments and the Sudanization policy on the southern Sudan ١٩٥٦–١٩٧٣. This work discusses, interprets, and analyses the impacts of these two periods on the southern region from the beginning of the Condominium era up to the ١٩٧٣. This study consists of an introduction, eight chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with a Background to the History of the Land, its Peoples and the Development in the Southern Sudan. Chapter two describes the Resistance of the Southern Sudanese people to foreign rule and repression of southern Sudan and the process of establishing law and order. Chapter three analyzes the impact of trade on the history of southern Sudan. Chapter four explores the role and impact of the Christian and Islamic Religious Teaching. Chapter five examines education in southern Sudan. Chapter six describes the impact of Nationalism on the history of the southern Sudan. It discusses how the Sudanese took over the Sudan from the British Colonial Administrators and constituted their Government and policies based on Western and secular concepts. Chapter seven interprets and analyses Sudanese Government policy towards the southern Sudan. Chapter eight explains the intensification of the Southern Sudanese armed struggle to Addis Ababa Agreement. ١٩٦٤-١٩٧٣: Finally, Conclusion sums up the findings of the research work