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ItemUtilisation of diversity in land use systems: Sustainable and organic approaches to meet human needs(University of Khartoum, 2010)Haemophilus somnus (Histophilus somni) has been reported in many countries around the world as a cause of many disease manifestations in cattle and sheep including thrombotic meningoencephalitis, septicaemia, pneumonia, abortion, orchitis, arthritis and myocarditis, etc... which are collectively known as “Haemophilus somnus disease complex”. Haemophilus somnus disease has not been reported in the Sudan till 1998, when El Sanousi and co-workers diagnosed a chronic disease of cattle with nervous manifestations as “thromboembolic meningoencephalitis” caused by Haemophilus somnus. This disease was observed to affect cattle following stresses such as viral or parasitic diseases or exhaustion due to walking long distances. The disease is characterised by decreased heat tolerance and hair over growth in addition to other symptoms which include respiratory distress, hyper-salivation, plegia of one or both hid limbs, elevated temperature, decreased milk yield, reproductive failure and decreased appetite with consequent loss of body condition. In another separate study, the same investigators showed that most of these symptoms can be alleviated or abolished by treatment with antibiotics that can cross the blood brain barrier, confirming the their previous diagnosis of the disease and the bacterial nature of the causative agent. In the present investigation we revised the relation of H. somnus to this disease by re-identification of some of the early isolated bacteria by molecular methods. With PCR using primers specific to H. somnus, four of these isolates were either negative or yielded non-specific amplicons. Further identification by 16S rDNA sequencing confirmed the PCR results. Another part of the investigation was conducted using ELISA for the detection of anti-H. somnus antibodies in affected cattle. Although ELISA results showed varying degrees of antibody titre in sera from both affected and apparently healthy cattle, healthy cattle had relatively higher antibody titres against H. somnus. These results are consistent with results of other investigators, who reported that cattle with lower titre against H. somnus were more susceptible to H. somnus disease.
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ItemSequence Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Echinococcus granulosus Isolates recovered from the one Humped Camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan(University of Khartoum, 2010)Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (EG) complex, affects livestock and humans in the Sudan, hence the disease is of major public health importance. Currently, 10 distinct genotypes designated as (G1-G10) have been described worldwide, based on nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 genes. These different genotypes have been associated with distinct, intermediate hosts: sheep, pigs, cattle, horses, camels, goats and cervids. Of the ten genotypes of EG, sheep strain (G1), cattle strain (G5) and camel strain (G6) are enzootic in the Sudan. In this study, the molecular characterization of 40 EG isolates from camels was performed by genetic study and phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial NADH 1 gene to define the circulating genetic variants in a hyper endemic areas of Tmboul, Central Sudan.
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ItemPrevalence of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius in Sub-Clinical Abscess Cases of Sheep(University of Khartoum, 2010)Aim: To investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius (Saan) in sub-clinical lymph node abscesses (SLNA) in sheep. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) and Unit Microbiology and Molecular Biology (Institute for Studies and Promotion of Animal Exports), between May 2003 and Dec. 2005. Methodology: Enlarged superficial lymph nodes (n=137) were taken from sheep carcasses at meat inspection and were subjected for bacteriological examination. Results: Pure cultures of Saan were obtained from 44% of the pus samples, Corynebacterium spp. from 33% and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius from 7%. The rest of the pus samples yielded mixed cultures of Saan with either Macrococcus caseolyticus (10%) or Corynebacterium spp. (6%). Conclusion: Although these results show S. aureus subsp. anaerobius as the prime cause of SLNA, they also show the importance of inclusion of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in vaccine developments or vaccination protocols against abscess