Effects Of Salinity Of Drinking Water, State Of Hydration, Dietary Protein Level And Unilateral Nephrectomy On Blood Constituents And Renal Function In Nubian Goats
Effects Of Salinity Of Drinking Water, State Of Hydration, Dietary Protein Level And Unilateral Nephrectomy On Blood Constituents And Renal Function In Nubian Goats
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Date
2015-04-15
Authors
Ahmed, Salwa
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Publisher
UOFK
Abstract
Experiment 1: Water salinity (1.5% NaCl) increased water
consumption and decrease food intake significantly, while rectal
temperature (Tr) and body weight (BW)were not significantly affected.
The packed cell volume (PCV) decreased significantly with saline
water. Likewise, the serum urea level decreased, however, serum total
protein and albumin concentrations were not significantly affected by
salinity. On the other hand, serum creatinine increased significantly in
the treated group in weeks 5 and 6. A slight decrease in plasma glucose
was observed in the treated animals while serum Na and K levels were
not significantly affected; however, Naand K levels decreased during the
first 4 weeks, while Na level tended toincrease in the last 2 weeks.
Urea level decreased significantly in the first 3 weeks then tended
to increase. Urine value and GFR increase significantly.
Experiment 2: Involved dehydration and hydration states. The
dehydrated goats (3 days) drank 4.6 litre after 15 minutes of rehydration,
beside BW loss regain. Rehydration also corrected the significant
decrease in food intake within 2 days, associated with normal body
temperature which increased with dehydration together with PCV.
Dehydration significantly increased serum total proteins, albumin,
urea, creatinine and osmolality, and all retuned to the normal level in the
second dary of rehydration. However, the significant decrease in urine
volume and GFR, which returned tocontrol level after 3 days of
rehydration. Dehydration was associated with significant increase of
urine urea which decreased to control values in the second day of
rehydration.
Experiment 3: Increasing dietary protein level resulted in a
significant increase in water consumption and a significant decrease in
daily food intake, however, there was no significant difference in either
parameter between low and medium levels. The mean BW of goats
decreased significantly by increasing protein level in diet; the difference
was significant between the high and low levels, but it was insignificant
between the high and medium and low and medium levels.
There was a slight increase in PCV of the medium level compared
to the high and the low level. Serum total protein and albumin levels
were not significantly affected by changing dietary protein level, while
serum urea level increased significantly and progressively with increase
in dietary protein level. Serum creatinine level decreased significantly
with increasing dietary protein level.
Urine volume and GFR increased significantly with increased
dietary protein level. Urine K level decreased significantly and urine urea
level increased significantly with increase dietary protein level.
Experiment 4: the unilateral nephrectomy resulted in significant
increase in the weight ofthe contralateral kidney in the Unix animals
compared to sham-operated animals. Ultrasonographic measurements
indicated significant increase in the volume of the remaining kidney as a
result of compensatory renal growth. Also unilateral nephrectomy
resulted in a significant increase inthe diameters of nephron components
(glomerulus, proximal and distal tubules) and decrease in Bowman space
as a result of compensatory renal growth. Unilateral nephrectomy
resulted in significant increase in relative medullary thickness ( RMT).
No significant difference could be detected between UniX and
sham-operated goats related to unilateral nephrectomy in water
consumption, BW and Tr throughout the experimental period.
Erythrocytic indices: erythrocyte count, PCV and Hb concentration
were not significantly affected by unilateral nephrectomy; and it was not
associated with significant changes in serum total protein, albumin and
osmolality.
Serum creatinine level significantly increased in UniX goats
particularly in the first three weeks,compared to sham-operated group.
Serum urea level, plasma glucose level serum Na, K level and cortisol
were not significantly affected by unilateral nephrectomy.
Urine volume slightly decreased inUniX goats in the first weeks
compared to sham-operated, while the GFR in UniX goats significantly
decreased compared to sham-operated. No significant effects were
observed in urine Na, K, and urea levels related to unilateral
nephrectomy.
Drinking saline water significantly increased water consumption at
concentration of 0.45, 0.9 % NaCl and slightly decreased food intake.
The increase in salt load slightly reduced Tr and BW of UniX and shamoperated animals.
The PCV and Hb concentration of normal and UniX goats decreased
insignificantly by drinking saline water. The water salinity did not
significantly affected serum total protein and albumin level of UniX and
sham-operated animals. Serum urea level increased with 0.45% NaCl and
then tended to slight decrease with 0.9 and 1.5% NaCl. No significant
changes were detected in serum creatinine related to water salinity in
UniX and sham-operated animals. Plasma glucose level decreased
significantly with increasing water salinity. Serum osmolality was
slightly decreased with changing fromtap water to water with 0.45 and
0.9% NaCl and then tended to increase slightly with 1.5% NaCl. The salt
load did not significantly affect serum cortisol level of UniX and shamoperated animals.
The urine volume increased significantly by increasing concentration
of NaCl in drinking water (0.45 and 0.9% NaCl), but it tended to
decrease with 1.5% NaCl in UniX and sham-operated animals. GFR was
significantly increased by drinkingsaline water in UniX and shamoperated animals. Urine Na level increased significantly with increase
salinity of water in UniXand sham-operated animals. The urine K level
of UniX and sham-operated animals showed significant decrease with
0.45 and 0.9% NaCl and it tended toincrease with 1.5 % NaCl. Urine
urea level of UniX goats was significantly decreased by drinking saline
water compared to sham-operated.
The effects water deprivation in UniX and sham-operated goats and
food intake showed significant decrease in water consumption. By the
end of the 3 days of dehydration, the sham-operated animals group
reduced their level of food intake by59.44% and UniX group by 50.92%.
Dehydration significantly decreased BW ofUniX and sham-operated; by
the end of the dehydration period, UniXgoats lost about 13.33% of the
initial body weight, while the sham-operated group lost about 14.77%.
Sham-operated group regained almost all of their BW losses and UniX
exceeded it after 4 hrs following rehydration. Tr of UniX and shamoperated animals showed a decrease related to water deprivation, which
attained level of significance in UniX group.
The PCV and Hb concentration in UniX and sham-operated animals
increased progressively and significantly during water deprivation.
Serum total protein level of UniX and sham-operated animals showed a
gradual and significant increase during water deprivation period. Serum
albumin level in UniX and sham-operated animals exhibited a slow
increase in response to water deprivation in the second and third day of
dehydration. Serum urea, creatinine level and serum osmolality increased
significantly and progressively, while plasma glucose level decreased
with increase deprivation period inand sham-operated animals. Serum
cortisol level exhibited unsteady pattern due to water deprivation in UniX
and sham-operated animals.
Urine volume and GFR of UniX and sham- operated goats were
progressively and significantly decreased during dehydration. Urine Na
and K level of UniX and sham-operated goats indicated no significant
differences related to water deprivation. Urine urea concentration of
UniX and sham- operated goats showed marked fluctuation during water
deprivation.
The results obtained in the studies were explained and discussed in
the light of previous findingsreported in the literature.
Description
Keywords
SALINITY OF DRINKING WATER, STATE OF HYDRATION, DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL,UNILATERAL ,NEPHRECTOMY,BLOOD,CONSTITUENTS,RENAL,FUNCTION,NUBIAN GOATS