تطور البناء الجنائزي خلال فترات حضارة آوش الثانية والثالثة 760 ق.م – 350 م

Abstract

The development of the funerary architecture has started since the period of the Nubian groups . The Nubian tombs had a distinctive structure, specially in its substructure . The structure of the tombs in this period is oval and circular tumulus covering the pit of the tombs . During the period of the first Kushite kingdom(Kerma), there were some differences in the structure and size of the tombs from the period before . This includes the increase in the size of tombs and big tumulus appeared as superstructure of the tombs , and big size of chamber inside the tombs .Also there was an increase in the quantity of the funerary furniture inside the tombs, this is indicating that there was an improvement in the political and commercial relationships with Egypt . The development of the tombs continued during the Kushite Kingdom (Napata & Meroe), because these period witnessed a good relationship between Kush and other parts of the world, after the Kushite kings rule Nubia and Egypt during the 25th Dynasty . So the Egyptian influence appeared in the structure of the tombs . The Mastaba and Pyramids appeared as a new from of the tombs . Also the structure of the Pyramids witnessed gradual development during this period . This can clearly be observed in the royal cemeteries of kush which includes Ku, Beg. S, Beg. N, Bar and Beg. W . This development represented in the superstructure and substructure of the Pyramids . Also during these periods there was development in the materials which was used for building of the Pyramids e.g they used Nubian sandstone instead of Bricks . At the end of the period of the third Kushite Kingdom, the tombs has declined and missed the regular form which was known during the earlier Kushite periods . They used the red bricks as a building materials for the Pyramids instead of stones, and the internal chambers became irregular . During the post – Meriotic period (i.e after third Kushite Kingdom) they used the earliest form of the tombs which was used during the Nubian groups periods and the first Kushite Kingdom of Kerma (i.e the tumulus form)