Molecular, Serological and Parasitological Survey of Theileria Annulata in North Kordofan State, Sudan
Molecular, Serological and Parasitological Survey of Theileria Annulata in North Kordofan State, Sudan
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Date
2015-04-27
Authors
Gehad Mamoun Mohammed Ahmed Eseid
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
University of Khartoum
Abstract
his study was conducted from August 2008 to July 2009 to detect
Theileria annulata infection in cattle and to investigate prevalence of ticks
infesting cattle in North Kordofan State. Ticks, blood smears, serum samples
and blood spots on filter paper were collected from four localities namely
Sheikan, Um Ruwaba, Abu Zabad and Elnohood at four monthly intervals for
one year. In each locality samples were collected from 5 to 8 farms, set apart,
and in each farm 5 to 8 head of cattle were sampled. Indigenous (Zebu) and
cross (Friesian × indigenous) breeds of cattle were selected. Samples were
collected from 604 heads of cattle of both sex and of different age groups, i.e.
less than two years old calves, from 2 - 4 years old heifers or steers and older
than four years cows or bulls. The same animals, whenever possible, were used
during each collection.
Four tick genera and seven species were identified. The genera were
Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus), Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The
tick species were Amblyomma lepidum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus,
R. (Boophilus) annulatus, Hyalomma dromedarii, H. impeltatum, H. rufipes,
Rhipicephalus. evertsi evertsi.
The most abundant tick species was H. rufipes followed by H.
impeltatum, R. e. evertsi, H. dromedarii, R. (B.) decoloratus, A. lepidum and R.
(B) annulatus. The highest mean tick load (0.6±0.12) for H. rufipes was in Um
Ruwaba and Abu Zabad and (0.6±0.01) for H. dromedarii was in Um Ruwaba.
Out of 604 blood smears, 69 (11.4%) were positive for Theileria spp.
piroplasms with the highest prevalence rate in Um Ruwaba followed by
Sheikan, El Nohood and the lowest was reported in Abu Zabad. Serologically,
out of 240 164 (68.3%) serum samples were positive for T. annulata antibodies
using IFA test with the highest rate in Sheikan followed by Um Ruwaba, Abu
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Zabad and the lowest was in Elnohood. Using PCR, out of 100 8 (8%) blood
spots were positive of T. annulata DNA with the highest prevalence rate in Abu
Zabad followed by Sheikan, Elnohood and the lowest was in Um Ruwaba.
The highest prevalence of Theileria spp. piroplasms and T. annulata
antibodies was in August 2008 followed by February 2009, and the lowest was
in May 2009. Among cattle breeds, the highest prevalence of piroplasms and T.
annulata antibodies was found among Zebu cattle. The highest prevalence rate
of Theileria spp. piroplasms was among cattle older than four years, followed
by calves less than two years old, and the lowest was among cattle from two to
four years old. The highest prevalence rate of T. annulata antibodies was among
cattle from two to four years old, followed calves less than two years, and the
lowest was among cattle older than four years.
The highest prevalence rate of T. annulata DNA was during February
2009, followed by August 2008 and the lowest was in May 2009. According to
cattle breed, PCR test showed that Zebu cattle were more infected than in cross
bred. According to age, the highest infection rate was among cattle older than
four years, followed by cattle from two to four years and the lowest was among
calves less than two years old.
It is concluded that T. annulata is detected in North Kordofan State,
though at a low prevalence rate. This finding is an alarming situation since it is
widely believed that this parasite does not occur in North Kordofan State. The
possible vector of T. annulata in the absence of the known vector H. anatolicum
is discussed.
Description
A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in
fulfillment for the requirements of the degree of Master of
Veterinary Medicine
Keywords
Molecular Survey
Serological Survey
Parasitological Survey
Theileria Annulata
North Kordofan State
Sudan
Veterinary Medicine
Khartoum University
Citation
Gehad Mamoun Mohammed Ahmed Eseid, Molecular, Serological and Parasitological Survey of Theileria Annulata in North Kordofan State, Sudan. – Khartoum : University of Khartoum, 2011. -117 P. : illus., 28 cm., M.Sc.